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Building Building | Planning City of the Futur
Building Building | Planning City of the Futur
| City of the Futur |
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| Written by Юрий Ружинский | |
| Wednesday, 02 April 2008 | |
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The text of the original in Russian CITY OF THE FUTURE in a series of «non-trivial architecture» / vision / As a prologue. The decision of the special case of the construction of Thermophysics (providing comfortable living conditions to people in a prohibitively high energy prices and low ambient temperature) resulted in a somewhat paradoxical decisions and conclusions. Actually, the City of the Future has long been "escalated" the problem of heat and transformed into an entirely new project with truly unique characteristics How many years has been on the earth people, so many years, he built a dwelling, whether a stone castle, or wigwam, a five-paneled cozy tent to spill. At the same time say that one home is better or worse, it would be absolutely incorrect - it is necessary to take into account the thousands of different points (factors) that affect, eventually, to the final shape of the structure. This economic feasibility (possibility), and climatic conditions, and cultural and historical traditions and assumptions, and the level (state), engineering sciences, etc. etc. Russia in many ways is a unique country, including and in terms of very specific needs of the construction of housing. Affect, first of all, especially climate with large temperature difference (temperature gradient), sometimes amounting to 70 80oS, as well as the long winter period of the year and as a result - the highest in term of housing materials, exacerbated by the traditional low-pay population. In the time of the Union, and cheap gas, these problems were completely solved, but now the situation radically changed and have to survive individually and in very demanding conditions of free market. The situation is exacerbated by the fact that abrupt climate change occurs with pronounced seasonal fluctuations in air temperature (the specificity of the continental climate). A number of scientists, climatologists (see Annex 1) predict for the 2035-2045 year, a sharp cyclical decline in solar activity (so-called «maunderovsky minimum»), followed by those in 15-20 years - an offensive duty climatic minimum and deep cooling Earth's climate. For Russia, this is fraught with daily average ambient air temperature around-25-35oS from October to April and a peak temperature of the night before 50oS. And somewhere in Siberia, and in the European part of the country. (Tell me how in such circumstances obogret classic five?). Proponents of same theory of global warming also will not deny the fact that apartment buildings, even many of today's model projects will malokomfortnymi accommodation of their respective owners. It is the conclusion that the newly built buildings designed for service life of 100 years or more, must be a truly phenomenal thermophysical characteristics. Modern architectural and construction solutions, materials, as well as the regulatory framework for such targets (for multiple properties) do not provide. However, there is one very simple way to dramatically improve the thermal physics building. Enough to completely bury it in the ground. Is well known that soil temperature at a depth of several meters is stable throughout the year. That is warm in winter and in summer - cool. Full-scale measurements of air temperature, held in Kharkiv metro station «University» (optimal depth and the level of ventilation) showed that, when interseasonal fluctuation of air temperature of-16oS to +32 oC temperature range inside the station in the area +16,1-18, 3oS. As we can see, a very comfortable living conditions. In doing so, the thickness of exterior walls and insulation in underground buildings can be minimal, and the need for heating and air conditioning is virtually non-existent. Slight heating of the building in winter to the base +20-22 oC will come from internal heat generation as a result of human activity. Ventilation buildings must have a heat recovery system is evacuated of air. Additional heating the surrounding soil can be carried out during the summer with the help of geliokollektorov with a liquid coolant, and in winter - by using heat pumps. But it would be extremely foolish to confine the immersion of a standard five underground. And what if the whole town to load under the ground? In doing so, all buildings must be connected together to form a coherent whole structure. Indeed, in this case, the classical laws of architecture does not exist: solar clearances between buildings are not available, and no roads with cars, boulevards, trees .., all that we used to see in ordinary city. Under the ground is a huge «pill» diameter of 500 m, consisting of 6 levels (floors). The first one (the lowest) - this is a technical level: pipes, communications, life support systems. 2-3-4 levels (very warm) - Living. They live all the inhabitants of the underground city. 5 and 6, the upper levels - teaching and administrative management. At these levels there are schools, hospitals, offices, businesses, banks, etc. Underground City is a whole planning solution (Master Plan), which in principle excludes any «sealing» buildings. All levels of the model, are radially symmetrical ring layout with an extensive network of corridors and stairways. The upper level also has a prototype of the transport system, which is a great moving sidewalks (in the ring and radial directions). Thus, the whole town can be crossed on foot for several minutes. Residential, educational, offices are located, as they say, «through a wall». One of the major ideologies of the project - to live and work in one place. Of course, that the underground city personnel, as well as classic public transport is absent as such because of the complete impracticality. Some fleet vehicles to communicate with the outside world still exists in car park, located on the periphery of the city. But for the most part, not private cars (because buying a personal car, which will be idle 99% of the time, too wasteful), and machines to be submitted to the rent for a particular trip, taxis, buses, small park special. technology. Expertise city - «white collars». In other words, the city is to live and work high-citizens with high education, whose primary business tool - the computer, and place of work - office (exchange, bank, laboratory, Philharmonic, Art Gallery). The original prototype of the Novosibirsk Akademgorodok future. In turn, this creates a unique social climate within a fairly isolated town, which completely lack declassed elements (homeless unemployed, beggars, etc.). The crime rate is going to be an order of magnitude below the normal and the specification of "shift" in a more intellectual realm. One of the specific characteristics of the underground city is that in days like нивелируется the line between a traditional schedule, as would not be such a clear division on the day and night work and rest, Sunday and Monday. Ie become the norm 2 shifts or even around-the-clock work (study). In turn, this will allow better use of working space and recreation facilities. In the city of the future and also a very specific form of ownership. In fact, it is a joint stock company of closed type, where each citizen is not only the owner of his own apartment, but he also co-owner of the administration and management of premises (offices, schools, hospitals, banks, shops, etc.) of the park ground. City of the Future unusually compact. It is well structured in the vertical (as usual the city planned to horizontal). It's a whole new level of design bioprostranstva. City of the Future environmentally clean. It is not harmful industries, smoky boilers and CHP, he was deprived of almost all the classic problems of the city: from highways with thousands of cars and the inevitable congestion and congestion, to eternal impulses of heat and communications, dealing with snow and ice, etc. (Suffice it to say that the average European spends from 3 to 5 years of his active life on the road for work, shopping, visiting, on vacation and back. Do you want to live «unnecessary» 3-5 years?). There optimization not only living space, but also the technology of life "of citizens. Specificity and super city would do to minimize excessive or very traditional profession of classical cities, like wipers, the driver, the seller, guard, policeman, builder, fireman, doctor, etc. For example, in the city of the future is almost entirely absent Stores (mini-, super-, hyper-markets), as such, as the necessary goods ordered on a home (office) computer, and bring the house pnevmopochtoy or by courier (if the product is overall). If the goods (eg, jeans, after preliminary fitting) for any parameters not suit the buyer, he immediately returned to the warehouse. This automates the process of choosing the right product, the transport, saving time, dramatically increasing convenience commercial operations, etc. City of the Future is almost entirely autonomous. Artesian wells to supply the place of the city with clean water. Disposal of garbage is produced in place by tight thermal. Sewage effluent is also processed by modern technology. It takes only an external energy source. Estimated optimal - it is the city gas pipeline, where gas is processed at the adjacent to the city of CHP in electricity and hot water. In pure gas in the underground city has not been forthcoming. In the cities of the future, there are no architectural surplus. On the ground floor of the interior architecture dominates. All space of public corridors, covered with carpet tracks, sounds quiet lyrical music, soft muted light, the walls covered with paintings, mirrors, tapestries, sculptures installed in the niches on the walls and ceilings - stucco. The presence of a large variety of styles and trends (Baroque, Ro-ko-ko, a modern underground). Apartments, public spaces are also of high quality design finish. Some discomfort from the lack of direct sunshine is partially offset by a large number of established psevdookon - large plasma screens broadcast the various landscapes from all over the world. Ultimately, for fans of the bright sun did not amount to much trouble to climb a few floors up to the surface. Of course, that the absence of direct solar radiation in the underground sector of the city - this is his biggest drawback. But he was more than offset by a multitude of positive aspects. For example, from home to work, you can walk all year round in some slippers. And children will daily walk in the forest of this nature in the clear air. In doing so, they never lost and never run a car. And even for the parents want? Actually it should be noted that the underground city will dictate quite different than the traditional fashion, clothing, habits, lifestyles. Preservation, "wear" clothing and footwear will increase dramatically, because there will be no more dirty snow with salt and acid rain. The warm fur clothing go to a third plan. Traditional men's business suit may be transformed into comfortable jacket, and the female will dominate light summer motifs. The open architecture of the technical floors, use the "eternal" materials (eg plastic pipes of sewerage and water supply), super highways, ease of maintenance and inspections by several orders of magnitude will reduce the number of service personnel. No one has and never will sever lyutoy winter теплотрассу in order to remove impulse. City of the Future is almost entirely independent of weather and climatic conditions - floods, hurricanes, snow storms (see Annex 2). No need to be repaired and clear winter roads, restore power lines, eliminating the effects of tornadoes and floods. City of the Future unusually racks for different types of earthquakes, man-made disasters (eg Bhopal), minimize the effects of various armed conflicts. And if any natural disasters and will be held over the city, it hurts only ground forest sector, which has no bearing on the overall livelihoods of the city. Underground City, placed in the earth, yet not without common joys. Above the town is quite an extensive woodland complex consisting of a central zone of the park with avenues, fountains and indoor aqua park and a winter garden. Along the perimeter of the city is the band-leaf coniferous forests Corner «wild» nature. At the high mast located annular cable car. And in the forest makes a variety of «animals» - tame deer, squirrels, Hedgehogs, hares ..., a great variety of birds. The nearest water bodies divorced fish and waterfowl, including ducks and swans. In forest plantations artificially plant mushrooms and berries. Structural Technology subterranean city of the future is very simple and is based on the well-known construction techniques and materials. The underground city, only half-submerged in the ground, because deletions from the trench bottom is adjacent otsypku. In fact, the upper floor is located underground at a height of 2 floors of classic homes. Formed as a huge hill, inside which the city is made. This provides not only significant savings Matthew-tech. resources and time spent on the excavation (2 million m 3 instead of 4 million m3), but also provides a new performance. Indeed, throughout history, people preferred to settle in the uplands. A large amount of displaced soil, as well as the specifics of trench (circular in cross section, with vertical walls), make special demands to the excavation and construction equipment. It seems to me the best building of the center of trench dug well in advance dvuplechego huge tower crane with a boom length of the departure of each type karetochnogo at least 300 m. The pre-loosened soil bulldozed captured two clamshell buckets capacity of 3-5 m 3, mounted on the mast crane and removed from the symmetrically trench. Slowly rotating, dvuplechy crane will be able to handle the entire area of trench. Finish filling the thin layer of fertile top soil layers is performed in reverse order. Filing of the concrete near BSU in formwork mounted cast skeleton-frame buildings, the city also made with the help of a crane dvuplechego (but instead grapple - bowk). The outer frame structures (outer wall) and some interior partition walls are cast from porizovannogo gidrofobizirovannogo cleaner keramzitobetona (recipe see Appendix 3). This thickness of the outer wall may be small (100-150 mm), because it is not, in principle, has a special design or thermal loads. The total consumption of construction materials (cement, sand, gravel, Keramzit) in an underground city will be 30-40% lower than for the classical buildings. There is no such expensive elements, such as facing brick facade systems or insulation, plastic window. A small number of stores would allow the building to give up a very expensive and troublesome elevator industry. In summary, it can be concluded that: 1. the use of cheap mass construction materials, 2. radical reduction in the use of building materials, 3. Use теплофизического capacity of soil, 4. super living space while maintaining the underground city (but in some positions - and the dramatic improvement) comfort level of residence 5. ultra-Communications and life support systems, 6. complete autonomy of the underground city (with the internal processing and recycling of life of people) 7. sufficiently distant from the land of expensive big cities, 8. a single master plan, building cities, making its design and construction of entirely intact and complete, 9. very low level of "rollback" of officials of different levels for different "permissive" activities, including and for the land, because construction of such a large object is automatically elevates him to the rank of public events 10. the magnitude of a single building with the use of specialized high-performance large construction equipment will significantly reduce production costs, minimizes the human factor, mehaniziruet construction process. significantly reduce the cost of one square meter of housing to the Economy at the aggregate level of quality business class. It is a real-time performance of such a volume of construction and finishing works? For comparison, in Kiev in the year, all construction companies built around 1.5 million m2 of housing at an average price of $ 2.5 thousand. In Moscow - up to 10 million m2 and is built in the year to 1.5 million m2 of underground facilities (parking lots, shops). City of the Future can also be executed in the town as a dormitory satellite of a large industrial city (center), and supplied labor. In this case the accommodation is given to 4 floors, and upstairs are the most essential elements of life (schools, hospitals, warehouses). Specific living space per person is reduced to 12 m2, which together will increase the population to 65.3 thousand people (48 m2 for a family of 4 persons). Private event - the creation of a draft individual two-level cottage future, preserve the unique thermal characteristics of its "elder brother". Underground City of the Future (in any configuration) - this is probably the only viable project to fully satisfy the stringent conditions of reality (climate, energy, lack of living space and resources, technogenic factor, etc.), which are now and will dominate in the future. Overview of the Cities of the Future: 1. The diameter of the underground (core) segment, m - 500 2. The total operational area (5 floors), m2 - 980.000 3. Total living area (3 floors), m2 - 588.000 4. General administrative and business area (2 floors), m2 - 392.000 5. The area of ground (forest) segment, M2 (ha) - 200,000 (20) 6. The volume of displaced soil, million m 3 - 2 7. The population of the city people. - 30.000 8. The estimated cost of the complex, billion $ - 1.5 9. The total area per person, m2 - 39,3 10. Specific total cost, $ / m2 - 1.270 Annex 3: Typical recipe porizovannogo keramzitobetona (tentative): 1. Cement M400 - 260 kg/m3 2. Quartz Sand (Mkr. = 2.65) - 176 kg/m3 3. Keramzit (fraction 5-20 mm, ρ = 450 kg/m3) - 495 kg/m3 4. Water - 153 l/m3 5. START (vozduhovovlekayuschaya supplement) - 0.5 l/m3 (25% concentration) 6. LST (Plasticizer) - 0.75 kg/m3 (dry substance) 7. NC (accelerator-seal) - 5 kg/m3 (dry substance) 8. GKZH-11N (gidrofobizator) - 0.5 kg/m3 (ρ = 1,250 kg / l) The volume of air (START) - 11,8%, the estimated strength keramzitobetona - not less than 5 MPa (M50); porizovannogo keramzitobetona density - 880 kg/m3; fluidity concrete mix with 5-8. / "TRAKTAT the reduction of entropy, vol II, issue number 84 / |