Artificial reefs Print E-mail
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Written by Юрий Ружинский   
Wednesday, 02 April 2008
The text of the original in Russian 

(The work was written quite a long time and are not adjusted for price. Please suggest the current price alone).

The creation of artificial reefs have spoiled the ancient Sarmatians to improve the productivity of coastal waters. It lagged behind them and Varangians, lovivshie fish in the cold waters of the southern Baltiki.V now both in America and Western Europe in large numbers learn from our ancestors, creating artificial reefs by sinking old ships in the Sea, written off military equipment and aircraft , concrete blocks, construction waste and pr.Sozdanie on a smooth seabed «rough» surface leads to the fact that this place will be pleased oblyubovyvayut algae, fish, crayfish, mollusks. Intensive development of plankton and fish spawns productive (and more fry survive to full-size). Moreover, the abundance of marine life begins to intensely clean sea water, which people pollute for decades industrial and household othodami.Tak, one mussel, weight 8 gr. per hour filter about four liters of water. Last year, 1 ha of plantations midiynoy able to clear up to 3 million m3 of water, extracting from it up to 9 thousand tons of bacteria.

  However, eat these mussels could not be - it will be necessary to await the complete purification of water so that fish have a healthy and valuable gifts morya.Poleznost and prospects in the offshore areas of the establishment of artificial reefs obschedokazana. Moreover, many countries because of their economic opportunities in every possible way embody this idea to life. But is it worth for these purposes stoke mnogotonnye tanks? I understand that the dismantlement of military equipment in the United States because of the high cost of manual labor unprofitable, and carry her to land on the Cutting tridevyat where labor is cheaper - is not advisable. But over time the value of the metal because of the sharp appreciation of energy resources will increase significantly. And not have to rummage there zaevshimsya Yankee mastodon from their water? Yes, and how much living space for fish and seaweed to create these in fact the metal bar, filled to the same used oil, grease and other toxic substances? To build a more or less decent reef, it will be necessary to drown all current tanks (along with the tank L). Do not leave very optimistic use as building materials and fabric aircraft rubber tires, decomposing in alkali (marine) environment on a bouquet of carcinogens (acetone, formaldehyde, hydrocarbons, zinc, copper, etc.). The use of «clean» concrete modules can afford only a wealthy country because of their high cost. However, to date Scots Reef (O. Lizmor) is the only model in all significant respects, the artificial reef, effectively bringing pribyl.V USSR issue of artificial reefs has been discussed in both public and academic circles. Moreover, in 1990, a unique experiment in Berdyansk Gulf, gave amazing results. 

  But, as usual, is not conveyed to the mind and the project quietly closed in 1991, did not wait for the final results of the experiment. As the experience of foreign countries, clearing the sea is within the first 3-5 years, and only then can the industrial fishing and seafood. Our «special» for the year and wanted to clean water and fish to eat, while forgetting that gadili in the water for decades all over the table Mendeleeva.Ochen extensive practical experience in growing mariokultur (clams, shrimp, sea hedgehogs, algae (including . laminarii and anfeltsii)) had been accumulated by scientists of Institute of Marine Biology, USSR Academy of Sciences DVNTS and the Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (TINRO), developed and tested in the waters of the Ussuri Gulf (of Vladivostok), at the bottom of the bay Alexeyeva technology of valuable shellfish and algae. However, the technology (submerged mesh SADC ropes with painstaking work of divers) are not optimal, although they have good practical rezultat.Itak why, with such obvious advantages of artificial reef development (construction) is a moderate? It seems to affect a very high cost to create a «cross». This - the cost of manufacturing (concrete blocks), transportation, loading and unloading operations, attracting large numbers of the workforce, etc. In the current technology can not be, in principle, high automation and mechanization. 

  Guidance on the use of recycled to construct reefs (with their seemingly low cost and simplicity) leads to unduly reduce their effectiveness. For example, one tank in the 40-50 ton weight creates around itself a capacity of only 25-30 m 3. The same applies to the Scottish concrete blocks, essentially no different from large boulders, but faced significant summy.Ya believe that there are more simple and effective ways of creating artificial offshore reef that could have in 2-3 years after their bookmarks to function with full nagruzkoy.Moya program involves the parallel development of three pillars: 1. Construction of light open-work mechanical barriers to the development of the marine flora and fauny.2. Establishment of industrial bioreactors for growing seeds, based on algae and planktona.3. Establishment of nurseries for the reproduction of uterine eggs and fry of valuable (commercial) fish species, as well as shellfish (shrimp, mussels, oysters). The first paragraph of the program is fundamental, while others contribute to the speedy establishment of an artificial reef biocenosis and regulate its analysis of all species sostav.Posle existing types of mechanical barriers, as well as the selection of my many options, I came to the conclusion that they have the right to existence of 7 types konstruktsiy.Prezhde, it is necessary to draw a clear division of mechanical barriers in the way of application: industrial or private (artisanal, collective-farm), as well as on specialization: universal, targeted mainly on algae, focused mainly on the living organisms (fish, shellfish). The greatest concern, in my opinion, is a universal type industrial fence. It may be that the proposed design seems somewhat unusual, but later I will try to prove it sostoyatelnost.Ya believe that the basis for future large-scale artificial reefs should be a metal structure, which is a braided wire sleeve large diameter (2-3 m) length of tens of miles. This product is created (pletetsya) directly into the sea on the ship at the place to be a reef and dumped in the water such that the process of manufacture and movement of the vessel took place simultaneously and continuously until the end of the implementation of all rabot.Metallichesky sleeve diameter of 2.500 mm stalistoy knits of wire diameter of 3 mm in increments of 200 mm (the number of threads on the perimeter - 39 pcs.). 

  Diagonal interlocking threads at an angle of 20-30o vzaimozaschemlennye form a strong connection, which, in combination with high mechanical elasticity branch will become high as the compressive strength, tensile, and in the application of a lateral usiliya.Nemalovazhno that the meter of the product will have a weight of approximately 2.6 kg, and an internal volume - 4,9 m3. In doing so, the cost of steel (2.000 UAH / t) is just $ 1. Economic quality wicker sleeves (ie the ratio of cost of materials per 1 m3 of internal volume) is 0.2 $ / m3. This is one of the lowest rates, which only can be achieved! (If an American tank weighing 50 tons remelting on the wire, we can weave sleeve length 19.2 km and an internal volume of over 94 thousand m3). Of course, initially rare mesh stocking will be difficult to compare with a continuous bead submerged aircraft or ship. But as the wire will start to precipitate and grow Vegetation animals (especially - in the field crosses the wire), and coral polyps form the basic skeleton of hard on the rest of the Millennium, the size of cells is significantly reduced and the hose becomes quite tangible kontury.Bolee of grid voluminous and permeable in all directions, which contributes to the organization as water, and fish streams. In the sleeve, in principle, can not be stagnant area of water observed in the holds of sunken ships. Sunlight permeates the hose completely, allowing algae to grow, both inside and on the lateral surface. 

  The relatively small size of cells to form a fish fry and a great haven, inaccessible to large predators (eg, dolphins, sharks). Moreover, the internal volume of the hoses, porosshy algae, creating an ideal incubator, in which fish are spawns of high effektivnostyu.Metallicheskaya wire forming the sleeve, in the alkaline sea water passivated (covered with protective film), and practically no corrosive (in any case - a corrosive slowly and with sufficient time to form the main core korralovogo). The metal sleeve of large diameter advantage over the bottom fence so that it is vertical, with little or no choke size. It is permeable and allows the use of the coastal shelf with a maximum effektivnostyu.Nemalovazhnoe quality metal sleeve that it is easy to deforming under the action of powerful external forces. For example, if a vessel with a high draft suddenly accidentally hit a similar artificial reef, it is not proporet bottom rusted skeleton of a submerged ship. Yes, and fishing network with great difficulty be able to cling to the wire and pipe, respectively, porvatsya.Pletenie sleeve directly into the sea will help dramatically reduce the cost of loading and transportation costs, because the loading and placement on the board of compact coils of wire does not make much trouble. The whole process of weaving the sleeves can be easily mechanized and avtomatizatsii.Dlya industrial production of reef barriers, I would «splurging» to create (design and construction) ships, catamarans, the development of the deck which would be located: two knitting machine with the necessary reserve of wire (generating simultaneously two metal sleeves at a distance of 4-5 m), boom truck crane and a large tank for the algae. Each hull at the rear of its parts is zheloboobrazny rake, metal sleeves that slowly and gently down into the water. Some people pack the algae from the tank in the water-soluble bags and attach them every 5-8 m to the sleeves. Thus, after sinking to the bottom of the grid comes first insemination sleeve and the adjacent plant components, which subsequently become food for fish and shellfish. 

  In addition to the primary algae (chlorella, blue-green alga Spirulina and Annabi, the water fern Azolla, etc.) in the bags also need to pledge a certain amount of micro-organisms (microbes, metanobakterii, yeast and fungi) capable of degrading alkanes, fats, sugars and proteins contained in sewage and polluted water to carbon dioxide and water. Of course, these mikrodozy «cleaner» unable to clear all the sea water, but they will help to partially reduce the concentration of harmful substances in the water in the area of building the future of reef and will contribute to better adaptation brought neoplasms (flora and fauna). The first payment of biomaterial preferably combined with the introduction based on a grid of embryos mussels (Myfilus edulis), which, after its development will be the main infiltration vody.Pri average speed of weaving sleeves of 500 mm / s (and hence the same speed of the vessel) per night you can put up to 43 km double reef barriers in the overall width of 9 -10 m. It is likely that when this would have to replenish stocks as the wire, and algae with the help of the service vessel. It is reasonable to construct such a vessel, a catamaran, which would have a small draft, and while it can make the ocean voyage. Thus, one is able to build ships for artificial reefs all shelves planety.V addition to the main boat-catamaran binder sleeve, I would be on the same single project (but with other equipment) and built a boat-catamaran with multiple bioreactors, capable of intense play different algae . Optimization of temperature, oxygen saturation of water and nutrients, optimal lighting and sterile conditions allow algae to grow the embryos with incredible speed to the marine environment. Is well known that algae double its mass in just six hours. Moreover, modern mini biolaboratoriya placed on board the vessel, allowing selektsionirovat algae, to obtain new strains klonirovaniem.Trete engage in ship-to-catamaran equipped with a huge tank for the fry and plankton (including coral polyps and clams). Artificial reproduction of progeny harvested varieties of fish and shellfish also help as soon as possible, fill the artificial reefs are full of flora and fauna, and subsequently improve the «yield» Marine niv.Suda 2 and 3 classes are the main time in ports, where the staff connected to the operating systems (water, electricity, biomaterial). As the maturation of algae or young they are at sea and «osemenyayut» reefs. Denial of shore placement bioreactors and nurseries (rate) for juvenile fish in favor of mobile craft will allow to drastically reduce the cost of transportation, human resources, increase of infectious and traumatic resistance (since there are no multiple loading events).'s Important that a team of autonomous mobile Three ships will be able to perform a complete cycle of creating artificial reefs in almost any part of the world's lowest cost and shortest sroki.Pomimo main vessels 1, 2 and 3 classes will also need to develop small and micro vessels (including mikropodlodki) on maintenance of underwater reefs, harvest (mussels, shrimp, scallops, crabs, sea cabbage), for marine research and observation. To catch fish fishing fit seynery.Kak traditional version of universal industrial barriers - it is not certain braiding wire sleeves and knitting bulky carpet (mail) of the width (up to 20 m) at low altitude (up to 1 m) of thin (1-2 mm ) provoloki.V each case would be more appropriate to a particular design (including proposed below). Consideration must be given a lot of parameters: depth reefs, water clarity, temperature and salt composition, the presence of underwater currents, topography of soil, depth of habitat harvested varieties of fish (shellfish) and their size, reproductive flora and fauna, the ability of fixation of plant and shellfish to small structural details (wires), the priority tasks and blocking t.d.Pomimo industrial systems and structures may use any piece of elements to ensure the reproduction of the individual water districts and areas. They apply to private or artisanal (cooperative) use. Method of production - handmade or low volume home. 

  Material and labor (and, respectively - and the price), the manufacture of such structures is much higher industrial systems, but you can make protective elements in any barn «on lap» without attracting significant investment and kapitalovlozheniy.Dalee offered to the consideration of five piece blocking the elements shown in Construction of the essence of its name. «drill». The design is a strip of sheet steel (V = 2 mm, H = 800 mm), turn on an axis in a spiral like a drill. Up to 30% of the surface has holes prosechnye round or oval in cross section. When the band rolled into a spiral on the edge of 5 mm otgibayutsya in the opposite side (to give extra rigidity of the structure). One linear meter of finished product weighs 8.7 kilograms and is worth (at 2.000 UAH / t) 17.5 grn. or $ 3,2. Ometaemy volume of construction - 0,5 m3. Economic quality - 6.4 $ / m3.Spetsializatsiya - universal. «Lid». This construction is a metal hemisphere poluyu with holes that make up 30% of the surface. Hemisphere with the diameter of 2 m and B = 2 mm of its mass would be 68.6 kg, volume - 4,2 m3, price - UAH 137. (25,4 $), the economic quality - 6,05 $ / m3. Expertise - spawning and nursery for fish fry, mussels hub. «Hedgehog». The initial design, which was the ancestress of this entire article. According to its form somewhat resembles antitank hedgehogs. The construction has a diameter of 5 meters and consists of 18 thin-walled water pipes in ½-inch (DN 15h2, 6), forming a ball. 

When mass of 60 kg, it forms a useful volume of 65.4 m3 and costs (based on) 120 UAH. or $ 22.2. Quality - 0,34 $ / m3. Expertise - the universal (the central part of gustoarmirovannaya - spawning and peripheral hollow parts - the prerogative of algae and plankton). «Hedgehog» very efficient use of water as a living space of the area, and volume at low cost. There are several technologies of manufacturing the design. The easiest - 5 m pipe welding with the local gain (chalkami, neckerchief). But the finished design will be very difficult to transport to the place of the bookmark. In a mass production «hedgehogs» wiser to make their assembly on the transport boat (pontoon) from separate short pipe. To do this, make a little extra «hedgehogs», which are welded or cast by the appropriate angle short muftochki with the general point, which is inserted into the main pipe. Landing - at the «hot», ie pre-calibrated internal diameter muftochki heated mnogofakelnoy burner and an increase in the holes easily inserted bearing pipes. After cooling adjointable details are recorded with great natyagom providing structural strength for the entire period of its operation. 

   Each of the proposed technology assembly «hedgehogs» has its own advantages and is applicable depending on the extent of setting barricades. On the set of all their qualities to create artificial reefs, in my opinion the most acceptable to the two structures - braided mesh sleeve of large diameter and «caltrop». «Wigwam» At its core, similar to the project «Hedgehog» with the only difference that the hub assembly is not located in the center ball, and at the top of the pyramid. It is necessary to use tubes of different lengths. This design is suitable for shallow shelves, as well as in the case where priority is given to a more dense and darker bottom part of the design (molluscs, crustaceans). «Stool». It is very easy and simple for the reproduction of artisanal conditions reinforced concrete (of hydraulic concrete) construction with a high hollow universal specialization. According to its form is very much like an increase of the army a wooden stool. The design consists of the upper flat plate 1x1 m (B = 50 mm) with four holes of about 200 mm in diameter and four feet in diameter at the side of 150 mm and a length of 1 m Mandatory reinforcement products to continue to operate even in the partial destruction of the concrete. Volume «stool» - 1 m3, the volume of concrete - 0,12 m3. The cost of the product on the materials - about 26 uah. (4,8 $). Quality - 4.8 $ / m3. All of the above construction is very diverse as the level of performance, and on the economic quality to allow the use of individual selection, depending on immediate needs potrebitelya.Pri manufacturing type «drill» or «cover» possible to use as steel, and polimerbetona. In the first case of need, or rolling kuznechnopressovoe equipment that economically justified only if a mass production. When using polimerbetona (based on polyethylene and quartz sand in a ratio of 50/50) and possibly a small piece production. But with equal cost (based on, 2.000 UAH / t) polimerbetona and strength characteristics have been significantly inferior to the first second. It follows that the steel products you can do much tonshe.Proizvodstvo w / white stools in the presence of multiple forms of dismountable, shaker apparatus, and a package of specialized Chem. additives (plasticizer gasket + accelerator + gidrofobizator), coupled with optimal granulometry quality cement and aggregates will artisanal conditions do vysokomarochny hydraulic engineering concrete without any serious investment, and when necessary. These stools are very competitive prototype reinforced concrete cubes Scottish rifa.Setchatye sleeves small length (5-20 m) can make on the stocks as a method of weaving, and with the help of a weld (longitudinal fibers with transverse wire rings). In the latter case, the strength characteristics of the sleeves fell slightly due to the fact that in the field of welding wire otozhzhetsya and inevitably will lose their elastic kachestva.Iskusstvenno derived system for assessing the effectiveness of the exploitation of a design, expressed in economic capacity, displays only the ratio of financial costs of materials for 1 m3 ometaemogo internal living space and is only for indirect comparison. This is necessary to take into account the cost of production of a design, method of its transportation and installation specialist in the flora and fauna, durability operation in sea water, loading and qualification requirements for service personnel and t.d.Dlya which I write all this? It does not rest the fact that even 40 years ago only one in the Sea of Azov fish and 800 tonnes of fish annually, but now - no more than 30 tons of artificial reefs can not only clean the area of the Azov Sea, but return to the previous volume of fish catches. Moreover, using intensive methods of fish farming, can increase its yield in 1,5-2 times. Around the same case with the Caspian and Black Seas. In other words, investing in industrial development of artificial reefs Soviet seas around $ 50-70 million may be after 4-5 years annually receive up to 3 million tons of seafood, or up to $ 3 billion / god.Pri it must be borne in mind that the cost is much more profitable to grow fish in their own homes than seiner driven into the ocean thousands of miles (especially in light of increasing fuel prices). It creates new jobs, revive seaside towns and villages. This country has a strong export potential, highly liquid at all times and in any power product (renewable food). 

   By creating a powerful highly profitable fishery with large financial assets can be easily lobby in the government interests of conservation and environmental forcing JSC MK «Azovstal», OJSC «IC them. Illich », Concern« Azovmash »dramatically reduced or eliminated altogether dumping at sea of toxic substances. You can even complete reorientation of the coastal areas of regions of the giants of metallurgy (in the light of accession to the WTO, increasing the cost of energy and a sharp decline in sales of metal both abroad and within the country) to the fishing and fish processing industry (profitability of 1 kg of fish in the 2-2 , 3 times higher than 1 kg of steel). It was very interesting use of a comprehensive fleet of setting artificial reef barriers in the shelf zone of the island of Indonesia, from Australia to Sakhalin. Fertile environment along with a huge consumer market (the total population of the surrounding countries - around 4 billion people.) Tehnologii.Bolee guarantee the relevance of this fact, the artificial barrier reef can be used away from the coast (outside the shelf zone). For this mnogokilometrovye braided metal hoses curling into a spiral, suspended in water at the pontoon at a depth of 10-20 meters and anchor at Long Falah to the ground. It netted underwater construction, settling algae, plankton and fish and not boyaschayasya storms. Such fish hatcheries can be placed not only in shallow water, but also in many other parts of the oceans and seas. Accordingly, it is highly desirable to construct industrial-residential submersible modules for constant maintenance of marine Plantation (Cultivation of plankton, eggs, seaweed, gathering and processing of seafood, research, tourism, etc.). Together with the industrial development of gas hydrate deposits offshore areas (energy, food (for the cultivation of microorganisms), as well as export components) underwater tumors can become completely self-sufficient (autonomous) agents. And this - the first real opportunity to build a city underwater. I think that Jacques Yves Cousteau would dovolen.V the future of humanity will increasingly move to the oceans. To blame - too big challenges that dovleyut over land. Perhaps even the emergence of small marine commune with the status of independent micro. The basis for these settlements should be floating reefs - a major provider of food and export element (which later you can buy the necessary raw materials, goods, services). By my estimation, the ocean water without any problems and can accommodate up to feed 40 billion people without a fundamental change in human physiology and up to 100 billion - with a genetic transformation of people to adapt to environmental srede.RifBol (builders of letters to the artificial reef on the Black Sea) Let's begin with the basic postulates (TTT - tactical and technical requirements). Underwater reefs should if possible be as environmentally clean, have a large surface area, create a "labyrinthine" volume, combine the optimum conditions for shellfish, fish, and for the algae, have the lowest possible cost, and ideally - to be free from use of household waste cheloveka.Chtoby not bore you too and do not intrigue, I will say that such a solution exists. It is very simple and effective. Is well known that the resort area of Crimea in the summer period is very rich in various industrial wastes. I mean, first of all, a great number of glassware, which discharges vacationers. Of course, part of it allowed to re-trafficking. But the core of its mass had to dispose of in landfills. And this is - the additional freight, the volume occupied by the garbage containers, etc. And every year the situation will only worsen because filling an increasing number of enterprises prefer to work with the new, and not to second-hand container. 
   So, glass bottle - an ideal component in the construction of the underwater reef. Glass - is ecologically clean product, its guaranteed life - tens of thousands of years, the optimal form of the bottle. In doing so, it does not matter, because of a drink bottle. This may be a beer bottle, from the champagne, vodka and carbonated beverages. Moreover, the reefs can be disposed even with defective glass nadkolotym neck. 

   All the pre-glass classic - the collection of material, the washing and skladirovanie.Vtoroy phase is already more complicated. You must fill in a bottle of a certain amount of water so that the remaining air bubble compensate not only the mass of the bottle (0,335 kg), but also provide a neutral buoyancy in the light of the weight shall cleave shellfish. After this operation, the tip of the bottle tightly sealed wooden (plastic) flask, a pushed resin surguchom.Trety stage - knitting garlands or beads. Take a long tether (nylon rope Ø 5-8 mm) and in increments of 5-10 cm coil at the neck of every node around the bottle. Thus, as would be formed long flexible "ershik, remotely resembling a gigantic alga. More pieces of the old fishing nets and marine piles of boulders (pebbles) are bottom anchor to which is attached made garland. Most bottle caps should be kept pure air, that they fulfill the role of floats and all the time tried to draw garland with a common neutral buoyancy vertically upwards. If necessary (it is already determined by divers at the scene and during the operation), the positive buoyancy of garlands can be increased by using wooden or foam poplavkov.T.o. we have the underwater reef, located not only in the bottom plane, but in a huge 3-dimensional volume of the entire depth. Thus, at 30 m depth, you can arrange the 25 m reef garland. If you take a step (the interval between the tied bottles) of 0.1 m, the total number of bottles will be 250 pieces. On average, 24 beer bottles form a total surface area equal to 1 m. So, ultimately, have an artificial reef area of 10.4 m2. It should be borne in mind that the effectiveness (efficiency) volumetric girlyandovogo Reef in the case of sufficiently dense "landing", with an interval of 1-2 m will be (particularly for young fish) is an order of magnitude higher than the bottom of the reef. Moreover, the volume girlyandovye reefs gradually kolyshuschiesya in the water column will be unimaginably more attractive for the study of their divers. This is not necessarily to be immersed in deep gray water and use the upper "sunny" gorizont.Nemalovazhno that the potential of the raw material base (glass) is really inexhaustible. For him, in most cases, you can not pay, because City authorities are only happy part of my garbage disposal. And local residents, cafes and restaurants, I think there will always be glad to help such a useful and unique undertaking. So, ultimately, the main item of expenditure - that the purchase of the required number of strong synthetic rope. One would also have a large proportion of manual labor (plugging bottles of rope). Here's just this simple operation and will be happy to participants of the festival. Moreover, the theory for making a garland will require no more than 5 man-hours. In other words, 100 people, participants of the festival, the day will be able to impose up to 160 and garlands. If a garland set in an area of 1 m2, the total reef area (area of glass surface) of about 1.664 m2 and the total amount of artificial reef ometaemy low density - about 4,000 m3. (And for the 5 days of the festival - even scary ... take!) This is truly a paradise for fish spawning. To these figures were more realistic, it is desirable that the local support group for pre-made part of the preparatory work (harvesting glass, razvesovka and corking bottles). At the outset, will also need to hold a series of experiments on the optimization of all production operations, the selection of materials, method of cleaning the packaging, the definition of the required fill packaging, etc. I think that the main limiting factor may be nayavnost required number of glass containers, because (at maximum) for the entire festival can take up to 20 thousand bottles! But girlyandovy (volume) and the reef can be further developed. Thus, it is possible to build a garland-shaped, connecting the vertices of two neighboring garlands. This will give greater rigidity of underwater structures, will allow an increased amount of glass used (in increments of 5 cm). Direct binding to the glass line can be replaced in the future to connect several bottles through pyatiluchevoy plastic plate with a central hole under the line and the end plate in the form of rays bottle traffic jams. Thus, initially placed on the rope plates with an interval of 0.1 m, secures them with hot tap-mites, and then cheerfully and naturally nasazhivaem to plug the standard beer bottles. Productivity could increase by an order of magnitude, while the glass surface area (25 m garlands) increased to 26 m2. This should be initially ordered batch of plastic stars. However, now it is no longer singular slozhnosti.Iz standard green beer bottles, you can make beautiful decorative compositions, for example, in the form of large balls, linking the bottle bottom out. Get the original "dandelion" in diameter to several meters, free kolyshuschiysya in water and resembles some fantastic marine plants. Placed near the water surface, the ball would reflect its many glass surfaces, sunlight, and will play like a precious jewel. Even greater effect can be achieved if these balls collected close enough, to put electric lights. The combination of white bottles and lamps with the filters will give a special charm and character to this show. 

   Of course, that the divers dive to be carried out at dusk or at night. But this is a very original and incomparable with any of the presentation - a paradise for divers. In addition to balloons, you can construct a variety of other bulk compositions of the glass. Interesting properties of glass bottles with neutral buoyancy, is that they are very similar to elements of wildlife - unusual flower petals or a pestle. And - both external and on the nature of motion in the water (a smooth, synchronicity in motion). You can even hold festivals on the construction side of the beautiful art songs amateur diving. A special color balls will settling their petty Staiki fish freely effluent through butylki.Dlya accelerated and simplified installation of bottles in the balls preferably pre-order the production of cylindrical plastic caps with a ring at the end. Furthermore.

 Reef plantings simply unthinkable without green vegetation - algae. Must therefore be part of glassware to be replaced by garlands of PET bottles from the gazirovki, which will zasazheny algae (eg, tsistozira, analfetsiya). In 1; 1.5, 2 l PET bottle at the bottom to pour the ground (earth) mixed in with small pebbles, as well as various mineral fertilizers (feeding) of Green magazine type of nitrogen, phosphorus (superphosphate). Preferably min. fertilizer translate into a water-soluble substance smoloobraznuyu to useful fertilizer is not made available immediately, but over a long period of time. This will ensure the long growth of algae and not kill their extraordinary dose in the initial period of development. Of course, the plastic bottle must be in the lower part of a few dozen small holes carried needle or shilom. You can, of course, be used for these purposes and glass containers, but then have to insert in the neck of the bottle a long plastic tube from the cocktail in order to facilitate the flow of moisture to the root system of plants (especially in case of blockage effuse plant the tip of the bottle). In the case of an integrated combination the use of artificial reefs, their volumetric efficiency increases dramatically. We receive a large surface area for shellfish, abundant algae, an excellent place for breeding and feeding of fish, huge problem for bottom trawls, the real utilization of millions of glass and plastic bottles, a tourist Mecca for divers. This is a - surface of the iceberg. Underwater - a great job of cleaning the water and the cultivation of useful living organisms and algae, restoring water resources of the sea, etc. and t.p.PET bottles, filled with soil, fertilizers and seeds of weeds can be used completely independently. Prepared on the shore, several hundred (thousand) of such products, they can be discarded into the sea from the boat, "sowing" so vast space seabed without complex and costly dives under water. (For a better vertical stabilization of the neck of the bottle, you can tie Leskov a small piece of wood, shall be made with the role of a parachute). Yes, actually, and have the garland can be set similarly. Only in this case, the interval between them should be increased to avoid entanglement. Previously described A-shaped installation garlands were calculated as well to ensure that linked to the PET bottles with algae do not disturb each other in the development and uniformly distributed in volume. In the case of vertical garlands of algae form a dense column, and will interfere with each drugu.Esche an alternative to concrete blocks (including the Reef Ball) - this is the construction of permeable small domes of the local improvised material (large pebbles with the indicative size of 200 x 100 mm) . To do this we need a catamaran or pontoon with an opening in the center bottom. Since the two sides in the A-shaped towers installed cathead with two hand winches. On the bank is going to frame the future of products from wooden beams cross-section of approximately 120 x 60 mm. The size of the future mikrorifa about 2 x 1 m. This is about with these dimensions and make a wooden box (on the beam edge with end gash). On top of the frame pours out of thin boards, shalevki area (support), so that in cross-section formed T-shaped profile. In the interior of carrier box stopped forming bookmark (matrix) of tin, which is subsequently removed from the bottom. Cling to hook winch loop frame and vyvazhivaem it so that it is not related to the bottom of boats. You can begin to manufacture mikrorifa. 

    To do this, take a small amount of alumina cement, mixing it with sand and water, and refueled the resulting solution in the tubes, which are used in the construction industry for the extrusion of various zamazok. Gently puts pebbles (boulders) on the T-shaped support frame and promazyvaem place pebbles contact with each other cement paste. Pebbles must be stowed in such a way that can be formed as long clearances. Based pebbles on the inside domed box of tin, we are finally building mikrorif, then remove the inner box bottom. Instead, you can use tin and rubber inflatable balloon of appropriate forms. Then removing it will be even easier - sdul the air and pulled out from the bottom. The use of alumina cement gives the highest brand strength and durability to leaching. But it has the advantage in our case - the rapid hydration of cement and strength set. Ie for 30-40 min the solution already obtained the primary clutch and strong enough for accurate total immersion of the product under podu. If possible purchase of alumina cement is not to be, then it is necessary to cement a simple add some accelerator. I would recommend calcium chloride at 2% dose (1 kg per bag of cement). The use of wooden pallets to quickly, with guaranteed quality mikrorify build on the spot dives without the need for additional transit funds, as Loading source materials (gravel) occurs on the shore, or transferred out of the boat. The draft of wooden pallets - the main item of expenditure. But carrying the tray allows to optimize all of those. process. Thus, the estimated man-hours to build one mikrorifa dimension of 2 x 1 x 0.6 m would be approximately 2 person-hours. This product will be fully ready for immersion and the installation on the seabed. Without carrying pallet originally perceived almost all the load would be required vystoyka products of at least 2-3 days. Using local improvised material (large pebbles, boulders) would dramatically reduce the cost of construction materials and equipment, improve environmental standards for the project, just make irrelevant many technological tricks. The team of several people for a month of work will be able to "hide" mikrorifami up to 200 m2 sea surface. By the way, mikrorify can also be used as anchors to the bottom bottle garlands, anchoring their files to the roof hinges or ringbolt wooden ramy.T.o. formed a multi-faceted and multi-Biosphere, ravnoprigodnaya for the marine flora and fauna. A large variety of underwater objects will also increase interest in them and among the divers. Artificial reefs are built on the proposed methodology will serve not only the bottom plane, and almost the entire vertical space of the volume of water (approximately - at 15-25 m), which is several orders of magnitude more efficient existing tehnologiy.Ot bottom trawling, I would recommend installing some distance from an artificial reef dive well moored floating hooks that would cling to the network and did not allow vehicles to approach the reef. And ideally - to apply self-bottom torpedoes. Want to fish - and himself became the material for a new artificial reef (J). Now, with regard to problems with rapanoy. I think this is a very serious matter, comparable in importance with the fact the construction of artificial reefs, as clear "Sizif work." The more clams we grow, the more they sozhrut. Therefore, the war on rapanoy need to do with not less than the construction of reefs. Some noise, raised in the media on this issue - it was good, but it is disastrously low. In any case, public opinion has already been prepared and it is necessary to move to action. 

    I propose to create two groups: information-analytical (brains) and practical (the rebels). The overall objective of activities - creating unbearable social pressure on all kinds of officials who in some way prohibit the catch (destruction) rapany.Pervy time - finding out Who banned harvesting brine. Officials are very strong in light of the "incognito" and totally helpless and cowardly when their staff to pull the light of God. Therefore, information-analytical group should find out who personally took such a decision, where he now lives, works, his work and home phones, and telephones his parents, colleagues, E-mail, be sure - the photo close-up (because the country needs to know their "Heroes"?), it is necessary to thoroughly explore the legislative and regulatory framework on this issue (perhaps - with the involvement of lawyers). Practical group says the treatment and complaints in every instance up to the president and prime minister. And, not sequentially, and off (as they say, the torpedo attack is a fan - at least one shot, so get into the goal). Very effective - has been repeatedly verified. This is followed by systematic calls home, at work, supervisor and a subordinate of the bureaucrat. Moreover, all within the law, with a personal introduction and explanation indeed the call. 
    After all, nobody forbade private citizens? This is public pressure. When not tayas, arguments, politely and thoroughly explained the claim and it is repeated every hour - it will act on any. Even with hysterical and heart attack last. It is also desirable to make the work of the wife of the officer and explain to her that her husband is destroying the ecology of the Black Sea, that it is necessary to do something and that it may also help in solving this issue. You can regularly send applications by fax. On the Internet, the media increased dramatically the number of materials on the subject. In some articles it can be assumed, but "there was not a casual acceptance of this decision? Maybe so indirectly Turkish hotel business is struggling with the emerging potential competitor? And photos, photo, photo "hero" (as "random" in the street, and made at the interview). "Inadvertently" can be posted on the official Internet home phone and his relatives, to all those who care about the fate of the Black Sea, were able to call and give everything that they think about this. It is also necessary to connect all the academic institutions so that they gave their official opinions and rekomendatsii.Sleduyuschy stage - an early formal appeal to the deputies of the Crimean VR immediate environmental issues associated with devastating consequences for the Black Sea biocenosis effuse from excessive population brine. I think that looking at the example of their predecessors, hastily enacted a fateful decision, the matter will be resolved as soon sroki.Reshimost, head, careful preparation, the location of vulnerable locations opponent at the same time - the rule of law. I think that the 10-15 activists will be able to raise on the ears "all the Crimea and to the fact that for many years could not make thousands of other lyudey.Esche time accentuate your attention to the fact that the destruction of brine - at the moment, perhaps even more important issue than the construction of artificial reefs. And there need to be integrated. The first phase - this is a formal authorization of the pest free yield. Second - zavozka and reproduction of natural enemies brine. Before the third phase (deep bomb) - I think, not take place (J). 

     / "TRAKTAT the reduction of entropy, vol II, issue number 31 /

  
 

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