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Written by Юрий Ружинский   
Wednesday, 02 April 2008
The text of the original in Russian 


 At the time I was very pleasantly struck by the book "Glinobeton and its application" Gernot Mink, professor of the University of Kassel in Germany, the head of the research laboratory of experimental construction (Publishers «Amber tale», Kaliningrad, 2004). 
Surprisingly good book both in terms of accessibility statement, and in terms of scientific and practical content (pictures, tables, formulas, drawings). This book can serve as children's ABC book for any adult uncle who likes to consider the technical picture and spatially dream ... 
So, of course, that I simply could not stay away from a very interesting concept of building ground. 

 Several interesting suggestions came to me. 
Technologies of ground known for more than nine thousand years, and say anything fundamentally new in this area very difficult. Then came the new times, new materials and new engineering solutions, with earth architecture is very difficult to compete. But, of course, and they will be able to find a niche practice, even in the III millennium. 

  Traditional areas of application adobe house - this is third-world countries, traditionally poor, but in the dry and hot climate (the entire African continent and part of an American, Muslim and Asian countries). For example, in Afghanistan, Iran, the percentage of buildings constructed from materials glinosyrtsovyh exceeds 80%, while in modern China twenty million people live in adobe dugouts and caves.
It is very common clay construction among the indigenous inhabitants of Africa, because it does not require the erection of expensive construction materials, especially cement and wood. Dome vaulted structures are quite simple and technologically imply wholeness and unity of design, where the walls a smooth transition in the roof, without changing the type of construction materialov.Globalizatsiya the world economy inevitably leads to a very large stratification of the world community in a very poor and very rich. This raises great social tension caused by the mainly very large gap in living standards, consumption of resources, etc. This phenomenon is one of the reasons for the emergence of international terrorism. 
Therefore, if the rich countries are more or less fun and more, they just need to pull the poor third world countries to a sustainable level, "pull" them from the primitive feudal state of development. In doing so, emphasis should be put not on a material support (food, clothing, cancellation of external debt financing, etc.), and for the provision of new technologies, including and in the construction field. 
Humanitarian assistance to the African continent as a special. the UN mission could be in the field of construction of columns (brigades), which in the short term and through involving the local population could be built from local raw materials, hundreds of thousands of housing units and ancillary facilities. That is the power of Western technology, coupled with the mechanization of all operations can dramatically improve the standard of living of local people without the involvement of a solid investment from outside. 

  The practical work of construction crews might look like. 
In the area of future development (outskirts of local villages or an entirely new plot of land) on a few trucks made construction team consisting of 5-7 people. 
Breaks a temporary field camp, unloaded and assembled the necessary construction equipment, made coordination with local leaders plan for future development and is the primary markup plot. 
Also, the qualitative and quantitative composition of the local resources (availability of sand, clay, gravel, water, etc.) and a laboratory analysis of raw materials in order to optimize the technology of construction works. 
Then begins the process of construction. 
The basic model of residential buildings involves the building of adobe dome structures 4-5 m in diameter (useful area of about 15 m2) for up to 2 adults and 3-5 children. 
Clay construction of high hygienic characteristics: they balance the humidity in the room and contribute vozduhoobmenu allow to accumulate heat, reduce the overall pollution of the environment (through economies of high-tech materials). Glinosyrtsovye materials can always be reused, they are easy to repair. 
The clay materials dramatically reduce the cost of construction, they are ideally suited for the construction of its own. 
In contrast to the classical technology of erection of earthen buildings using bricks pise (Nuba codes, Afghan and Persian dome) when laying bricks made of fairly complex curves without the use of formwork, I propose to apply a new technology for the construction of a soft casing. 
Working Papers will be no pise bricks, a plate of clay soil mats, stacked multi-layered with a mutual overlap, and the overall internal reinforcement. This section of the dome variable: the lower the base for an average of 2 times thicker than the top of the dome. 
Perhaps the formation of the outer edges of rigidity and pumping. 

  So, at the site of future construction produces a partial excavation of the inner area of the house to a depth of 0,5-0,8 m. 
Loosening the soil, as well as its transport beyond the perimeter of the best exercise to help fund small-scale mechanization (Moto-cutter, minitraktor with bucket, drill), although you can use unskilled labor and local Aboriginal people. 
If your soil pridaten for use in construction (limestone and sandy soil, supes, loam, clay) and does not contain alumina inclusions, then after appropriate treatment (normalization, enrichment otoschenie or clay), it will be used as wall material in the construction of the dome. If for any reason, the ground is not suitable for the above purposes, then it can be used to otsypki surrounding area and arrangement otmostkov. Thus, we would get dome building, partially embedded in the ground that, in hot or very hot climate will create a comfortable living environment for its residents. Warm air, inevitably resulting in the heating of clay walls of the dome hot sun, will accumulate at the top of the dome, while in the underground area of the habitat of people will maintain a certain freshness and humidity. 
After manufacturing and stripping trench in a soft casing is installed. 
It is an inflatable rubber structure corresponding profile with the central inner sixth-reliance. After the air compressor inflatable formwork becomes a working form, and a central pole with a fifth would give the necessary backbone rigidity and remove some pressure from an elastic rubber shell. 
The most acceptable form of body is not spherical dome, a sort of curve is formed by the so-called optimal curve, which differs slightly from a spherical shape, curve or parabola chain. 
In this case, there are only compressive stresses in the wall, and no pulling. The concentration of force against its own weight is at the center of each segment of the dome and have the same meaning. 
If the curve of the dome is held outside of the optimum as the lower part of the sphere, there is a ring tensile stresses that lead to the destruction of the structure. If the curve of the dome is held within the optimal form of the curve as a chain, there is a ring compressive strain. 
These tensions are not dangerous if the dome does not make large window and door openings. The dome is recommended to mix within the optimal curve, especially the upper part of the design. 

  This avoids the ring tensile stresses that cause wind and other nagruzki.Vynuty of soil dosed trench filled in бетономешалку forced actions runner, which also added (as required and subject to availability) sand or clay, small stones, crushed straw, plasticizer - diluent, water, and all this very carefully vymeshivaetsya gustotertoy to the consistency of paste. 
Then with the help of screw slurry is squeezed in the rollers, rolled into the ribbon and cut into squares optimal size (approximately 500 x 500 x 40 mm). The resulting clay tiles выкладываются butt in the butt on the surface of a soft rubber casing in a single layer. As the laying of the thin clay tiles have time to dry under the scorching sun and to cover a network of small shrinkage cracks (cracks "open"). 
New layer of clay tiles laid with a certain shift in such a way that the center of the tiles came from a place of docking four tiles previous layer. Fresh and wetted with water inside of the clay tile, carefully laid and rammed a wooden hammers, will close almost all the old revealed cracks. 
This is the advantage of multi-layer clay in the classical design of the brick or pise syrtsovogo - almost complete absence of shrinkage cracks, high homogeneity and solidity of construction, smooth as the outside or inside surface. After the 3-4 layers of clay tiles the entire surface of the dome reinforcing through the thin nylon threads. 

  To do this at the top of the dome is mounted circular frame for the central skylights (open or glass) with a diameter of about 800 mm with nanizannymi around the perimeter of nylon threads. Yarns on reels manually mutually intertwined, forming a grid krupnoyacheistuyu tightly adjacent to the dome. Then the grid again obkladyvaetsya several layers of clay tiles and are provided within the wall construction. If needed, reinforcement can be repeated. Thus, double-reinforced dome: mikroarmirovanie fiber (straw, sawdust) and makroarmirovanie whole krupnoyacheistoy setkoy.Kolichestvo layers of clay tiles should be increased to the bottom of the dome foundation, resulting in a higher static load. The presence of the side windows do not provide. 
Instead they will have one central lens glass skylights, which is located at the top of the dome. Even with its small inner diameter of the illumination dome in southern latitudes may be more than sufficient (especially if the whitewashed interior walls lime) and at the same time not too palyaschey.Pri building a dome in its walls from the inside details of mortgages should be set in a metal ring with a large bearing surface . Subsequently, they can enhance a variety of household items - curtains, which are shared by a dome at the rooms, or cling to the ring hammocks, children's Cradle, hang clothes and food (початки corn, jugs of water, milk, etc.). Door aperture dome performed in the form of a small cylindrical body of the standard square clay tiles on collapsible rigid formwork. 

  Input cylindrical body as it strengthens the main dome in the place of the aperture, but also a kind of vestibule or air valve, which is using the fabric of doors (curtains) you can cut off the hot and dusty vozduh.Posledny outer layer of clay tiles to be manufactured using any gidrofobiziruyuschih additives (ideally - on a silicon fluid classes GKZH-10, 11, 12), which will be the outer surface of the dome required water-repellent properties. And even in hot countries for the year gets relatively little rain, but the strong short downpours can cause erosion and erode the surface of the dome, and therefore - and the need for its repair. For the runoff of rainwater can be done cesspool trench, placing a new layer of tile steps (not zatiraya it to the previous layer) bias at some angle to the base. Targeted runoff rainwater allow to collect it in small tanks, or send it to the root system of fruit trees. 
This will allow for several weeks to resolve the issue of water that the hot and dry climate nemalovazhno.Posle completion of laying the tiles on top of the dome you can begin to dismantle the formwork and its mounting on the new station, while the laying of tiles at the base of a set can last. This will allow more efficient use of labor (both professional and auxiliary). The construction of the dome should begin immediately after the rainy season and continue until such time as is possible. The main obstacle may be too high temperatures and drought, as well as lack of water for preparation of clay mud. It is therefore necessary to take certain preventive measures, at least for the construction of technical water. 
To this end, the truck should be 1-2 before the rainy season overtake the all areas of future developments and to work vzryvotehnicheskie: proburit hole, lay the explosives, and using the bombings to create a network of small ponds, which were subsequently filled with water. Reservoirs should be possible for deep, with a small area of surface evaporation of water and lie in the field of natural accumulations of water (in the lowlands, to the flow stream). The network of small earthen reservoirs are not only guaranteed to provide water to the construction work, but they will serve local residents to sources of moisture to facilitate the existence of hot and desert terrain. To reduce evaporation of water from the reservoirs can be used floating screens of polyethylene film with the foam buoys along the perimeter. Ideally - breeding algae (eg duckweed), which not only ukroyut the water surface of their leaves, but will also serve as an excellent food for both humans and zhivotnyh.Vybor future site under construction is very important and responsible. And here it is important to listen not only to the wishes of local residents, but also take into account the experience and knowledge of teams of professional builders. It should take into account the possibility of future flooding of buildings spills rivers, the ground under the building (a rock or sandy soil), wind rose, animal migration, political and economic aspects, and much more. 
  
  If, for example, the possibility of flooding of homes still remain, then a preventative measure - not to produce a dome in the burying ground, and build it on a bulk hill. Must be in constant readiness for quick clay blocks zakuporivaniya (lay) the input aperture of the dome so that water has not been able to penetrate inside. Enter and exit the building with the sinking will be done through the ceiling light lamp with the help of rope ladders and sewage troughs. Thus, can be safely survive the flood in the 2-3 m level gorizonta.Pri construction in seismic areas of the dome building with a circular shape, compared to a rectangular, provides much greater resistance, because Round foundation serves as a rigid circular beams and foundation walls and roof are solidly linked to one another (in principle - are in one piece), and must withstand the high shear and the resulting efforts of bending. 
Masonry walls made of clay solution for high-strength, in which there are no cracks and seams, which further reinforced at the macro and micro levels, will ensure the integrity of the building with the highest vibrations in the ground (presumably up to 8-9 on the Richter scale). For areas with very hot climates it may be advisable to use in the construction of the dome glinogazobeton, which, although more time consuming and expensive to manufacture, but has a high thermophysical parameters. Besides, did not prevent a year after the rainy season to produce the outer whitening dome of chalk or lime in order to increase its solntseotrazhayuschih svoystv.Glavnoe dignity "clay kupolostroeniya" is extremely low cost of this process, as well as its simplicity and manufacturability. Work on a soft casing, you can teach any bedouin, and reserves the clay of the earth almost bezgranichny.Stroitelnye team of the UN mission should just start a massive building in the provinces, they should show all the benefits of new technologies, select and train their craft the most capable workers from the local residents with so that they then continue the business independently, but with the support of the "metropolis." When enough of the pace of construction work can be very impressive - up to 100 thousand a year, and the dome bolee.No with Africa, we understand. 

  And how about the civilized Europe, to which the clay dome houses little fit, mainly due to the more humid climate and the lack of thermophysical characteristics of clay material. In this case, a suitable new modern trend of construction of biological shelter, when all the building enshroud (filled) with all parties to a dirt roof thickness of 20-80 cm with a protective layer of the decorative grass (above) and a polyethylene film (inside). This biodizayn is in harmony with the environment, saving significant resources for heating buildings, as well as the current preventive remonty.Esli sacrifice vapor and air permeability clay dome for the sake of complete protection from moisture, it is possible to propose napylit to the outer and inner surface of the dome ( of course, after complete drying of the entire array of clay), a thin layer of polyethylene. 
You can use the hand gun, which has also filed polyethylene pellets and heated to the melting temperature of polyethylene air (from the propane burner). Such a dome with a plastic outer coating, is not afraid of any rain. 
And the internal coating is necessary to prevent saturation of the clay by water vapor and the related decay and mold. Instead of spraying polyethylene can also be applied any time soaking kalmatiruyuschuyu deep penetration (including penetriruyuschego action), although it will be more expensive housing reshenie.Kontseptsiya clay may be supplemented by individual elements of the development of number 18 "BIOreproduktivnaya zone with elements of solar energy" or enter into the structure of this development as an independent unit. 

I think the clay houses have not yet revealed all their potential and it is a great future.

/ "TRAKTAT the reduction of entropy, vol II, issue number 67 /  
 

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