Science Science | Miscellanea «Two-horned» pustula * effect Merkulova
| «Two-horned» pustula * effect Merkulova |
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| Written by Хамзя Умяров | |
| Monday, 05 May 2008 | |
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The text of the original in Russian «Professor Kuibyshev Aviation Institute (now Samara State Aerospace University - SGAU) Alexandra Merkulova, and established them in the late 50's the branch research laboratory N9 heat engines and refrigerators (O 'Neill-9 the Ministry of Aviation Industry), has a priority in the opening of a new heater - heat, working in the vortex effect. Before Merkulova anybody in the head did not come to run in the tube Ranka "liquid, because unlike gas, it incompressibility, and the effects of splitting on the cold and hot, no one expected. Indeed - the division has not occurred. However, the scientist was stunned its outcome: through a "snail" water is quickly heated. Explain sverheffektivny - with almost 100% efficiency - heating fluid Merkulov could not. It was assumed that it is likely mikrokavitatsionnyh processes are generated in the vortex liquid medium, when the release of energy occurs at the expense of "shlopyvaniya" formed in the fluid cavities filled with gas, steam or a mixture - of cavitation bubbles, or cavities. However, this did not explain the physics of processes occurring in the vortex heater, so in the scientific community, the effect of the vortex heat of official recognition never received »(quoted from the Internet, article IV Imamutdinova« Hurricane of snails »). And if you come to an explanation «Merkulova effect» on the other side? However, you first need to deal with those kind of bubbles are formed in the vortex liquid medium. The mechanism of air bubbles upon exposure to liquid media, for example, quite a powerful ultrasonic field tried to explain еше in 1940 Academician Ya.I. Frenkel. In his view, the basis of birth cavitation bubble is chechevitsepodobnaya cavity formed by the instantaneous tensile forces in the liquid. The volume of the cavity is also filled with gas and instantly sets itself liquid. Because the scope of the best ratio between the volume and surface in comparison with other geometrical forms, the chechevitsepodobnaya the cavity becomes spherical shape. Quite different is the vortex formation of bubbles in a liquid medium. Between the wall boundary layer vortex tube and the peripheral speed the flow of liquid is formed thinnest subwords, which are in the process of education myriad vortex moles. Contribute to this tremendous shear stresses experienced by each elementary volume of fluid. As a result, the elementary volume of fluid «untwisted», created a vortex liquid has a mole, as is known, its gravitational field. Mole inside the vortex is formed cavity fusiform shape, filled with gases and vapors of the liquid, which, as in the case of cavitation cavity, eventually becoming spherical shape. But the vial of liquid, born vortex liquid medium is different from the cavitation that it had a pair of diametrically located vortex of unfinished education. They still can not be even called vortices or vortex cords, as a whirlwind to be Opertti their ends on any surface or confined himself to himself. This requires a theory. Incomplete vortex formations make a moving bubble and, oddly enough, «aggressive» (what is the «aggressive», will be discussed below). If the length of distance education under the vortex is found, for example, a neighboring bubble, one of the unfinished Vortical formations instantly reborn into a vortex cord. The same happens with the convergence of the bubble with the surface of a solid wall, that is, between him and the wall formed a vortex cord. In the writings of MA Margulis, the founder of zvukohimii, provides a lot of pictures of bubbles in a liquid medium, on the surface which is clearly visible vortex cords. Of course, for the visibility of images the author chosen sufficiently large bubbles, the radius of the shares of a millimeter to several millimeters. But why not assume the existence of vortex formations and cords from the much smaller bubbles? For example, the radius of a hundred or two nanometers? Pattern should be followed in any case and at any size! The main problem of heat transfer in heat exchangers is the intensification of heat and mass transfer of laminar podsloya, With a surface teploperedayuschey wall, mainly heated fluid environment, which, ostensibly, should wash teploperedayuschuyu wall. In fact, the bulk heating medium even comes with teploperedayuschey wall. Laminar subwords is an important hydrodynamic and thermal resistance, as the coefficient of thermal conductivity of any fluid more (on the order-two and even three-) less than the coefficient of thermal conductivity of any metal - copper, aluminum, steel, iron, silver - which is made of heat transfer apparatus. Incidentally, the ad hoc technical literature, underlining the strength of adhesion with the surface of the laminar podsloya wall, and hence the difficulty in destroying the layer, use words derived from the verb «glue», «paste». What tricks did not go only to developers of heat exchangers. It attempts to use the most teploprovodyaschih metal while thinning teploperedayuschih wall, thick and frequent orebrenie; «play» with the flow rate (although long ago proved that with increasing flow rate decreases the thickness podsloya, but the destruction it did not happen), use turbulizatorov structures Sikorsky company or Laval. Napridumano very much all, but the problem still remains. The whole purpose of these features - to destroy and destroy the laminar subwords. Only trouble now, the price of heat transfer processes due to the design of such games is growing steadily. Against this background, the effect Merkulova is an ideal solution to the problem of intensification of heat and mass transfer and heat transfer in general. There is no need to build the heat exchanger turbulizatory more and more designs, as the heated liquid, if it is run through a special pre-vortex device, appear to «built turbulizatory» in the form of tiny bubbles. Indeed, it is steam bubbles with his pair of unfinished Vortical formations closer to the wall teploperedayuschey as instantly between them and a solid wall of a vortex cord. In the connection string to the surface of the wall immediately in the process of local destruction of the laminar podsloya. Many of these bubbles can completely destroy the laminar subwords throughout its duration. The heat from the wall promotes mikrovihrya, increase the degree of twist, which in turn causes an increase in the diameter of the bubble cross-section. As a result, the bubble or outstrips the surface of the wall under the action of Archimedean forces, claiming that the number of received thermal energy, or communicates the flow, or «shlopyvaetsya». In any of these cases, heat from the wall faster and more intense transmission in the main volume of heated fluid. Of course, in the technological scheme of the equipment is a new unit of the device, generating a lot of bubbles in the volume of heated fluid. The price of this unit, of course, is transferred to cost. But these costs can be offset by using more simple and therefore cheaper heat exchangers, in constructions where there is no complex and expensive turbuliziruyuschih elements missing orebrenie. Technology destratifikatsii (literally - «obstruction delamination», see the journal "Engineering - Youth" № 12, 2006), the essence of which lies in generating myriad of microscopic steam bubbles in a liquid medium, completely justifies its name. But in contrast to experiments with Merkulova «snail» Ranka or tube, is used somewhat different technical solutions for the generation of steam bubbles, while the principle remains the same. This has increased their number to the specific volume of an order of magnitude or two, maybe even more - the author has not yet found the correct way to «counting» the number of bubbles, for example, per cubic millimeter of fluid. Steam bubbles caused destratifikatorom, contributing to the breakdown of laminar podsloya teploperedayuschih surface heat exchangers, thereby intensifying the processes of heat. In addition, the steam bubbles to their incomplete vortex formations behave very aggressively towards all kinds of mud particles on solid surfaces of vessels, pipelines, in which liquid is enclosed. This is not just a flotation, ie, loss of mud particles in the bubbles due to the forces of surface tension, namely aggression. In the experiments in early 2007 with destratifikatorom on one of the oil there was an impressive picture: steam bubbles clean surface of the metal tank from dirt and rust, and other mechanical deposits of more than twenty years ago to make the surface of the metal primeval purity. Partly down to clear the black film scaling inherent in rolling technology. Physical mechanism of aggression can be explained by the example of the unfinished swirl, resulting typically in turbulizirovaniya wind flow in urban environments. They can be seen quite often. Everyone saw a lot of times, as in the courtyards and the streets raised air inchoate swirl flow collects and concentrates debris, sand and dust in the center of rotation of the flow. And not just collect, but the lifts above the surface, moves. In other words, commits mechanical work. By analogy, it can be imagined as a vortex cord steam bubble is working on a solid surface of the metal vessel, pipeline. It separates mud particles from the solid surface and collecting, concentrating them on the surface of the bubble. With the initiation of vortex flow, for example, in the process of heat transfer, increased in size steam bubble outstrips the surface and takes a mud particles. It is well known that flying dirt and deposits on the surface of the heat exchanger teploperedayuschey wall thickness of at least a tenth of a millimeter, may reduce the efficiency of heat transfer, not even on the interest, and - at times. In the powerful energy boilers such deposits lead to overheat the metal and local destruction, rupture of the pipeline, the receptacle. Using Merkulova effect should reduce accidents of this nature, increase efficiency and profitability of work units. And for all this, it is necessary to understand the nature of action mikrovihrey on the surface of steam bubbles. Not referring to the topic of vortex extraction of heat from the liquid medium, it must be said about the main. Even if not physically be strictly proved that the real way to heat the liquid vortex, the intensification of heat transfer through the myriad of steam bubbles generated by Merkulova, is one of the most significant achievements of vortex technology at the end of the twentieth century. This discovery deserves to be named after its author, and continue to be called «the effect Merkulova». There is another intriguing point of this very broad topic. But until you can make it just as fantastic and assumptions very carefully in order not to fall into physical heresy. Created the genius of thermodynamics Sadi Carnot ** in an environment where science prevail in the real theory of heat. That is, the heat was seen as a sort of «thin fabric», as weightless fluids «teploroda», freely flows from hot to cold body. The persistence of such perceptions is reflected in the wide use of terms such as «heat», «heat», «the battery heat», «Heat» and etc. «Inner energy» is replaced by the notion of «heat». Sam S. Carnot in his works intuitively felt that the existing theory of the real heat is not all right, and almost in each of its approval to make reservations, which carefully questioned the existence of «teploroda». But if fully stand on the position of the dominant current molecular models of kinetic theory of heat, to renounce the notion of «thermal energy» and strictly adhere to the notion of «internal energy», introduced by R. Clausius *** twenty-six years after the publication of S. Carnot then ponevole a desire to put forward the idea of the possibility of creating a «heat pipelines». That is, assume that over time will create an object, some technical device, of which one to increase domestic energy at one end will be with some velocity passed to the other end. And this process can not be compared with the thermal conductivity of the wall because of the presence of speed, but will be completely identical to it. Increasing transmission distance of internal energy, it is possible to be measured by meters to tens and hundreds of meters. And the speed is much higher than today, which pumped so-called «heat». In doing so, the cost of energy for the transfer may disappear completely. Indeed, why not assume that the fluid was able to somehow fill the steam bubbles with incomplete vortex formations to a point where they are restrained in the way that necessarily connect with each vortex cords. Then the increase in internal energy of fluid in one location should trigger an intensive transfer to another place through the chain of excitation mikrovihrey from bubble to bubble. However, the liquid core of its mass, remains virtually motionless! This assumption does not inconsistent with the laws of thermodynamics, because they are based on the equivalence of mechanical work to the amount of internal energy. That is, once the increased internal energy of liquid in one place will cause the initiation of mechanical work mikrovihrya that the chain of «vortex - bubble - a whirlwind» in its end point would increase the internal energy of the liquid in another place. The next step is to put the assumptions of this unusual fluid in the pipe wall is well insulated from the environment, except for those sites with which «was» transferred to internal energy for a particular purpose in the right quantities. Efficiency of such transfers may be, will be largest, not less than the efficiency of heat transfer pumping «coolant». There is electricity cable, magnetic, svetoprovod (optical fiber). Why not receive the «heat pipelines»? Merkulova effect gives a chance to resolve this, the fundamental essence of the task. If you ever succeed in creating such «heat pipelines», then all that apply heat and energy in general, become quite different quality and properties. That will be the face of the device and the current heat engines and motors. It will be around other human machines and engineering tools provide power, heat, movement and communication  ____________________________________________________ *) Pustula - translated from Latin means «bubble». |