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Science Science | Natural Alternative Cosmology
Science Science | Natural Alternative Cosmology
| Alternative Cosmology |
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| Written by Валерий Петров | |
| Sunday, 01 June 2008 | |
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The text of the original in Russian Introduction In cosmology the question of the finiteness or infinity of the universe is of great importance: • if the universe is finite, as Friedman has shown, it can not be in steady state, and must either grow or shrink; • But if the universe is infinite, then all sorts of assumptions about its compression or expansion of losing any meaning. We know that the so-called cosmological paradoxes have been put forward as objections to the possibility of the existence of an infinite universe, infinite in the sense that neither its size nor the time nor the weight of the prisoner in the matter can not be expressed in any, arbitrarily large number. Let's see, the extent to which these objections are valid. Cosmological paradox - and the essence of the study We know that the main objections to the possibility of the existence of an infinite in time and space of the universe are as follows. 1. «In 1744 the Swiss astronomer ZH.F. Shezo first questioned the correctness of the infinite universe: if the number of stars in the universe forever, then why are not the glittering sky, as the surface of a single star? Why is the sky dark? Why the stars are separated by dark intervals? »[1]. It is believed that the same objection to the model of an infinite universe nominated German philosopher G. Olbers in 1823 «Olbersa The counterargument was that the light reaching us from distant stars should be weakened because of the absorption of which is on its way matter. But in this case itself, this substance should be warm and brightly lit as the stars ». [2]. However, the way it is in reality! According to modern view, the vacuum is not a «nothing», but is a «something», has the real physical properties. So why not assume that the light interacts with this «something» in such a way that each photon of light when driving in this «something» loses energy in proportion to the distance passed them, thus the photon emission is shifted to the red part of the spectrum. Naturally, the absorption of vacuum-energy photons is accompanied by an increase in temperature of vacuum, so that the vacuum becomes a source of secondary radiation, which can be called the background. When the distance from Earth to the emitting object - stars, galaxies - up to a certain limit, the radiation from this object receives so much red shift, which merges with the background radiation of the vacuum. Therefore, although the number of stars in an infinite universe of infinite, the number of stars observed from Earth, and, generally, from anywhere in the universe, of course - at any point in space observer sees himself as if in the center of the universe from which there is a limited number of stars (galaxies). However, the frequency of background radiation, all the sky glows with a surface of a single star, as observed in reality. We know that the first «red shift» Hubble discovered in 1929, as described TA Agekyan in [5], «Hubble found that the ratio of the wavelength change Δλ to the wavelength λ is equal for all lines of the spectrum of this galaxy. «We studied the issue in detail, Hubble found that the ratio of Δλ / λ, determined from the spectrum of the galaxy, in proportion to the distance to the galaxy, ie red shift in the spectra of galaxies in proportion to the distance to galaxies (underlined by me - VP). This law, called the law redshift galaxies spectra, (setting the value redshift dependence on the distance to galaxies - VP) ... is one of the fundamental laws of the universe, one of the fundamental laws of nature (while quantities redshift dependence of the velocity «razbeganiya »galaxies is an arbitrary interpretation of the Act - VP)». Law redshift, ie dependence of deflection on the distance to the emitting object can be written as: c • z = H • r, (1) where should: r = c • z / H, where z = Δλ / λ - value of redshift; H = 75 (km / s) / MEA; r - the distance to the emitting object. Thus the ratio of c to H is equal to 4000, we obtain a simple relation between the distance to the source of radiation and its redshift: R = 4000 z MEA (2) Studied in 1956, the radiation 806 galaxies Hyumason, Meyall and Sendidzh confirmed the truth of the Hubble law, expressed in formulas (1). This makes it possible to determine the distances to the most remote of the currently known objects - quasars. Thus, for the quasar OQ 172 the value of z = 3,53. Substituting the value of this displacement in the formula (2), we get: r = 4000 • 3,53 = 14120 megaparsek or about 46 billion light years. This means that we are now seeing the light radiated quasar 46 billion years ago from the same point or region of space where we can see it now. Thus, the age of the universe can not be less than 46 billion years, which is not consistent with the conclusions of the theory of Big Bang. For a source that is registered in the BATSE catalog number 6665, red shift z is equal to 5.0. In accordance with the formula (2) the distance r to the source is equal to 4000 • 5,0 = 20000 = 20000 MEAs • 3,26 = 65,2 billion light years, which is 4 times higher than the age of the universe, determined on the basis of the theory of Big Bang . Thus, the Big Bang theory does not correspond to the exact observation data. 2. In 1850 German physicist Clausius R. «... concluded that the nature of heat transferred from warm to cold the body ... state of the universe must be more change in a particular direction ... These representations developed English physicist William Thomson, under which all physical processes in the universe accompanied by a transformation of light energy into heat »[1]. Therefore, the universe is awaiting «heat death», hence the existence of an infinite universe in time is impossible. In fact, it is not. According to modern view, the «light energy» and «warm» substance becomes as a result of thermonuclear processes in stars. «Heat Death» will come as soon as all the material universe «burn» in fusion reactions. It is obvious that in an infinite universe and the stocks of the substance are also infinite, hence, all the material universe «burn» for an infinitely long time. «Heat Death» threatens rather a finite universe, as the stocks of the substance in it are limited. However, in the case of a finite universe of «heat death» is not mandatory. Even Newton said about the following: «The nature of making love. Why would a number of different transformations can not be those in which a substance turns into a light, and light - in substance ». Currently, such transformations are well known: on the one hand, the substance turns to light as a result of fusion reactions, on the other - the photons, ie light, under certain conditions, into two very material particles - electrons and positrons. When «burning» substance mass m provided the energy E, equal to mc2; respectively, in the formation of matter (electron and positron) mass m is absorbed the same amount of energy. The result is supported by the thermal equilibrium, in which the temperature of the vacuum (ether) is equal to 2.7 K. Thus, the cycle is carried out in the nature of matter and energy, which excludes the «heat death» Universe. 3. In 1895, German astronomer H. Zeliger «... concluded that the idea of infinite space filled with matter at finite density it is inconsistent with the law of gravitation Newton's ... If in the infinite space of the density of matter is not infinitely small, and every two particles of the Newton law are mutually attracted, the force of gravity acting on any body, would be infinitely large, and under the influence of the body would be infinitely large acceleration »[1]. It explains, for example, ID Novikov in [3], the essence of the gravitational paradox is as follows. «Let the Universe, on average, uniformly filled with celestial bodies, so that the average density of matter in a very large amount of space the same. Let's try to calculate in accordance with Newton's law, which the gravitational force due to all the infinite substance of the universe, acting on the body (eg, galaxy), placed at an arbitrary point in space. Suppose first that the universe is empty. Place an arbitrary point in space to test the body of A. Round the body density of a substance, filling the sphere of radius R, so that the body A was at the center of the ball. It is clear without any calculations, that by virtue of the symmetry of gravity of all particles of matter in the center of the ball balance each other, and the resultant force is zero, ie the body of A has no effect, no power. We will now add to the ball more and more spherical layers of the same density of matter ... spherical layers of a substance does not create a force of gravity in the inner cavity and the addition of these layers does not change anything, ie, continues to be resultant force of gravity for A is zero. Continuing the process of complementing layers, we arrive at the limit of an infinite universe uniformly filled with matter, in which the resultant gravitational force acting on A, is zero. However, reasoning can be carried out and otherwise. Consider again a homogeneous sphere of radius R in an empty universe. Let's put our body at the center of the ball with the same density of matter, that in the past, but on the edge of it. Now the force of gravity, which acts on the body of A, will be equal under the law of Newton F = GMm/R2, (2) where M - mass of the ball; m - mass of test body A. We will now add substance to the layers of the spherical ball. Once the ball is added to the spherical shell, it does not add to the gravitational forces within themselves. Consequently, the force of gravity acting on the body of A, will not change and remains equal to F. Continue the process of adding spherical shells of equal density of matter. The force F remains unchanged. In the limit, we again get a universe filled with a homogeneous substance with the same density. But now the body of A acting force F. Obviously, depending on the choice of the initial ball, force F can be obtained after the transition to a uniformly filled with a substance of the universe. Here is this ambiguity and is called gravitational paradox ... Newton's theory does not explicitly without additional assumptions to calculate the gravitational force in an infinite universe. Only Einstein's theory allows to calculate the force without controversy ». Contradictions, however, immediately disappear, if we recall that an infinite universe - this is not the same as very large: • in the infinite universe as layers of matter, we would not add to the ball, for it remains to be infinitely large number of substances; • in the infinite universe any ball, an arbitrarily large radius with a trial body at the surface, it is always possible to surround the area of greater radius in such a way that both the ball and test the body on its surface will be within this new sphere, filled with the substance of the same density that inside the ball, in which case the value of the gravitational forces acting on the test body from the ball will be equal to zero. Thus, as we would not expand the radius of the ball and how many layers of the substance would not add, in an infinite universe uniformly filled with matter, the value of the gravitational forces acting on the test body, there will always be zero. In other words, the value of the gravitational forces caused by all the substance of the universe at any point is equal to zero. However, if the outside world, on the surface of which is the test body, no substance, ie, if all the material universe is concentrated inside this ball, then to test the body lying on the surface of the body, is the force of gravity, proportional to the mass of a prisoner in a ball of matter. Under the influence of this force test body, and in general all the outer layers of material sphere, will be attracted to its center - a ball of finite size, uniformly filled with matter, will inevitably collapse under the force of gravity. This conclusion should be as the law of gravitation Newton, and from Einstein's general relativity theory: The universe of finite size can not exist, as well as by the forces of gravity of the substance is to be continually shrink to the center of the universe. «Newton realized that in his theory of gravity should be the stars gravitate towards each other and therefore, it would seem ... should fall on each other, closer to some point ... Newton said that the case (hereinafter emphasis added - VP) really should have been if we had only a finite number of stars in a finite region of space. But ... if the number of stars forever and they are more or less evenly distributed in infinite space, then this will never happen, because there is no central point where they would have to fall. These considerations - an example of how easily accessible vprosak, while talking about infinity. In an infinite universe could be anywhere in the center, as well as on both sides of a number of stars is infinite. (Then you can - VP) ... to end a system in which all the stars are falling on each other, striving toward the center and see what will change when adding more and more stars roughly uniformly distributed outside this area. How many stars we have added, they will always strive to center »[2]. So as not to «get vprosak», we must allocate an infinite universe some finite area, make sure that in a finite field stars will fall toward the center of this area, and then extend this finding to the infinite universe and say, that the existence of such a universe is impossible. Here is an example of how «... of the universe as a whole ... »shifted« ... as something that is an absolute condition, which ... ... may be exposed to ... Only part of the matter »(F. Engels. Dyuring Anti-), for example, a single star or a cluster of stars. In fact, as «in an infinite universe could be anywhere in the center», the number of such points is infinite. By direction of what this infinite set of points will move the stars? And yet: even if we suddenly find this point, then an infinite number of stars will be moving towards that point of infinite time and compressive strength at this point, the whole infinite universe happens also for an infinite time, ie never. A different matter if the universe is finite. In this universe there is only one point, which is the center of the universe - this is the point from which began the expansion of the universe, in which again focus all material universe when its expansion becomes compressed. Thus, it is a finite universe, ie The universe, which at any time and value-focused in its substance can be expressed by any finite number, is doomed to contraction. Being in a state of compression, the Universe will never be able to get out of this state without any external influence. Since, however, outside the universe there is no substance, no space or time, the only reason for the expansion of the universe may be the action expressed by the words «Let there be light!». As F. Engels once wrote, «We can roll and shift as we want, but ... every time we come back again ... to the finger of God »(F. Engels. Anti-Dyuring). However, the finger of God can not be the subject of study of science. Conclusion Analysis of the so-called cosmological paradox leads to the conclusion follows. 1. The world space is not empty, but filled with a certain environment, whether we'll call this Wednesday broadcast or physical vacuum. When driving in this environment, the photons lose energy in proportion to his distance and distance, resulting in emission of photons is shifted to the red part of the spectrum. As a result of interactions with photons temperature vacuum or ether rises a few degrees above absolute zero, so that the vacuum becomes a source of secondary radiation, corresponding to its absolute temperature, as observed in reality. At the frequency of this radiation, which is indeed a vacuum background radiation, the sky is uniformly bright, as it is supposed ZH.F. Shezo. 2. Contrary to the assumption of R. Clausius, «heat death» is not threatened by an infinite universe, which includes an infinite number of substances, which can turn into heat for an infinitely long time, ie never. «Heat Death» threatens a finite universe, which includes a finite number of substances, which in turn the heat will occur in finite time. That is why the existence of a finite universe can not be performed. 3. In an infinite universe, which can not be expressed in any, arbitrarily large number of uniformly filled with the substance of its non-zero density, the value of the gravitational forces acting at any point of the universe is zero - this is the true gravitational paradox of infinite universe. Equality to zero force of gravity at any point of an infinite universe uniformly filled with matter, means that space is everywhere in this universe is Euclidean. In a finite universe, ie in the universe, which can be expressed by some, albeit very large numbers in the test body, which is «right on the edge» Universe, a force of gravity, proportional to the mass of a prisoner in the matter, leaving the body will strive towards the center of the universe -- finite universe, a substance which is distributed uniformly throughout its limited, self-compression, which will never change the extension without any external influence. Thus, all the objections or to paradoxes, it is believed, against the possibility that there may be infinite in time and space of the universe, in fact, directed against the possibility of the existence of the universe is finite. In reality, the universe is infinite, and in space and time, is infinite in the sense that neither the size of the universe, nor the number of prisoners in its substance, nor the time of her life can not be expressed in any, arbitrarily large numbers - infinity, it is infinity. An infinite universe has never occurred either as a result of sudden and inexplicable expansion and further development of a «domaterialnogo» object or as the result of divine creation. One may assume, however, that the above arguments seem supporters of the Big Bang theory is not convincing. According to well-known scientist H. Alva «The less there is scientific evidence, the more fanatical is the belief in this myth. It seems that in the current intellectual atmosphere of a great advantage cosmology «Big Bang» is that it is an affront to common sense: credo, quia absurdum (I believe, because it is absurd) »(as quoted in [4]). Unfortunately, he has come «fanatically faith» in one or another theory is a tradition: the more a scientific proof of insolvency of such theories, the more becomes a fanatical belief in the absolute infallibility. At one time, polemiziruya with a famous church reformer Luther, Erasmus of Rotterdam wrote: «Here, I know some nip the ears, of course zakrichat:« Erasmus dared fight with Luther! »That is a fly on the elephant. If someone wants to attribute it to my dementia or ignorance, I am not going to argue it, but even feeble-minded - even learning to - allowed to argue with those whom God has presented richer ... Maybe my opinion deceives me, so I want to be a person, not a judge, a researcher, not the founder, I am ready to learn from anyone who suggests that a more accurate and reliable ... If the reader will see that the snap of my essays is the one that is available to the opposite side, while he weighed and decided that is more important: discussion of all enlightened people ... ... all the universities, or a private view of a man ... I know in life is often the case that most of the best wins. I know that in the study of truth, you must never add your diligence to what was done before ». With these words we will end our brief survey. Sources of information: 1. Klimishin IA Relativistic astronomy. M.: Nauka, 1983. 2. Hocking C. From Big Bang to black holes. M.: Mir, 1990. 3. Novikov ID Evolution of the Universe. M.: Nauka, 1983. 4. Ginzburg VL On the physics and astrophysics. Articles and speeches. M.: Nauka, 1985. 5. Agekyan TA Stars, galaxies, Metagalaxy. Home edition of physical and mathematical literature. M.: Nauka, 1981.posporit with what God is presented richer ... Maybe my opinion deceives me, so I want to be a person, not a judge, a researcher, not the founder, I am ready to learn from anyone who suggests that a more accurate and reliable ... If the reader will see that the snap of my essays is the one that is available to the opposite side, while he weighed and decided that is more important: discussion of all enlightened people ... ... all the universities, or a private view of a man ... I know in life is often the case that most of the best wins. I know that in the study of truth, you must never add your diligence to what was done before ». With these words we will end our brief survey. Sources of information: 1. Klimishin IA Relativistic astronomy. M.: Nauka, 1983. 2. Hocking C. From Big Bang to black holes. M.: Mir, 1990. 3. Novikov ID Evolution of the Universe. M.: Nauka, 1983. 4. Ginzburg VL On the physics and astrophysics. Articles and speeches. M.: Nauka, 1985. 5. Agekyan TA Stars, galaxies, Metagalaxy. Home edition of physical and mathematical literature. M.: Nauka, 1981. |