FORGOTTEN HOW GOOD OLD long-awaited light at the end of tunnel?
Dedicated to the memory of Arthur C. Clarke (1917 - 2008) The proposed material is a vortex of ancient technology East, which could initiate the development of the accumulated solar deserts. Or an attempt to science-fiction reflection of ordinary Russian engineer in the spirit of A. Clarke.
Here are some lines from the Koran [3:113 (117)], the translation IJ Krachkovsky, 1963: «The fact that they spend ... like a vortex in which the cold: he defeated the seed people ...». That is, the ancient literary monument to dispassionately record the fact that for fifteen hundred years before the opening of the French engineer J. Ranka, people already knew that at the center of the vortex flow of gas temperature can fall to the point of freezing.
A good example of the ability of engineers to use the antiquities discovered and observed the natural effects of a Great Silk Road. One of its main advantages are the wells. In order to increase, in the modern language, caravans carrying capacity, engineers have done everything, to pack animals are not dragged by the enormous reserves of drinking water necessary caravan, except for the requirements of a minimum of one shift. Along the road at a distance of 12 ... 15 kilometers from each other were established wells, each of which had water in quantities sufficient to drink a caravan of 150 camels, 200 ....
In such a well clean (clean!) Water is extracted directly from the air. Of course, the percentage of water vapor in the desert air is extremely small (less than 0,01% of volume). But due to construction of the well through the volume «pumped» desert air with thousands of cubic meters per day and each cubic meter of strip almost all the mass of water contained therein. Ancient engineers used a vortex effect!
Very well was half the height of its stone-still in the ground (Fig. 1). Travelers coming down to fetch water for the stairs - and there were several trips - to otmostki and drawers of water. In the center of deepening for accumulated water, gently raised vylozhennaya high cone pile of stones (capacitor?). The Arabs showed that the accumulated water, and air at otmostkov was surprisingly cold, even though the outside of the well was deadly heat. The lower rear portion of the stones in Gruda was wet, and feel the stones were cold.
Unfortunately, parsimony in the description or tapered hip set of wells did not give a clear idea of the construction of. Lack of information had to reimburse the theoretical constructs. It should only draw attention to the slight surprise Arabs: ceramic coating, and in those days was not cheap material, but the construction of wells is not considered a cost, and each well has a ceiling. But this was done not without, as the material of the clay could make any necessary forms, then otzhech and get ready to detail, ability to work in the worst weather conditions for many years.
In the cone or the body of the Tent-roofed wells were completed radial channels are covered with ceramic lining, ceramic coating or herself was a kit to have ready by sections of radial channels. Heating in the sun, covering transfer of thermal energy in the air channel. Convection occurred during the heated air through the channel. In the central part of the jet set vbrasyvalis heated air. But how and why to appear eddy inside the well?
The first assumption - the axis of the channels do not coincide with the radial direction. There was a small angle between the axis of the channel and set the radius, ie, the jet was tangential (Fig. 2). Builders have used a very small tangential angle - no more than 5 º. The angular value of 5 º is rather insignificant, the naked eye, it sometimes does not see. Perhaps, therefore, the secret of Technology engineers ancient remains unrevealed to this day.
Using a small tangential jets bringing their number up to infinity opens new opportunities in vortex technology. Only do not need to imagine themselves with the pioneers. Engineers in ancient times brought this technology to perfection. The height of the building well, including his dead stop part of 6 ... 8 meters with a diameter at the base of a building no more than 6 meters, but the well encountered and worked steadily vortex formation. Cooling effect of the vortex was used with very high efficiency. Cone rubble indeed play the role of the condenser. Drop-down «cold» axial flow vortex took heat rocks, cooling them. Water vapor contained in negligible quantities in each specific volume of air to condense on the surfaces of stones. Thus, to improve the well was a continuous process of accumulation of water.
«Hot» peripheral flow vortex is rolled out through the entrance apertures ladder descending into the well (Fig. 3). Only this can explain the existence of several trips inside the well. Due to high inertia rotating vortex of education, a well worked around the clock. In doing so, any other forms of energy other than solar power, can not be used. Water extracted day and night. It is possible that night, worked well, even more intensely than during the daytime, because the desert air temperature after sunset falls on the 30 ... 40 º C, which affects its density and moisture content. Widespread use of this ancient technology of the vortex structures can be found in the natural vododobyvayuschih stations, ie, this station will operate using only solar energy gratuitous. Vododobyvayuschaya Station (GVA) is formed from sheet metal and metal, are drawn from a set of boxes. Experience of construction of such structures, we do not hold, if the basis of all the storage of petroleum products. The optimal size will be obtained during the test the first samples. The completed station on the site are collected and assembled in a few days and will require only a small amount of excavation work, including construction of piped water to the place of consumption or collecting water.
In addition, this technology has evolved over time to get in the desert not only water but also electricity. Just have to remember that the desert air, when the sun is over your head, very densely saturated with positively charged ions, which burden the entire animal. In the end, our views on the possibility of wider use of solar energy should be decisively changed. Another Academician PL Kapitsa, resorting to the notion of energy density, advised not to spend on the development of unconventional sources of energy (tidal waves, wind, geothermal, solar) because of the low energy density. Yes, of course, to concentrate the thermal energy from solar radiation using mirrors to heat water to steam, and operate the energy of steam turbine, it is disadvantageous because of the high cost of the entire technological scheme of such gelioustanovki. Create a solar power plant with the use of photovoltaic (PV generators), as shown by the existing industrial experience, are less profitable because of the low efficiency of energy conversion. Only a whirlwind able to concentrate solar energy up to an acceptable level, which can be used for practical power generation. Almost every moment of nature shows us that opportunity, as we that gracious gift of God Almighty and to see, understand and learn can not
Open a directory of elementary physics and find the value of solar constant. Value in 1390 Vt/m2 - really small. The natural density of solar energy on the Earth's surface and even less, about 800 Vt/m2. But the difference in power between these two values is spent on ionization and heating of the atmosphere. Moreover, the process of accumulation of energy from solar radiation in the form of saturation of the specific volume of air positively charged particles. And then have the density of available solar energy to multiply - at least - at ten and come in sizes from 8 ... 10 kVt/m2. That is, with the volume of the air column height of 20 ... 25 meters at the base of which the area of a circle diameter of 10 meters, you can shoot 500 ... 600 kW of electric load. From these lines has a specific size and density of the accumulated solar energy, which now can be applied to assess the potential of deserts - it is 23 kVt/m2. But consider it incorrect (it is still undervalued) because the available indirect calculations.
In the vortex flow of positive ions can be like lightning in a whirlwind, to initiate a process to generate electricity by direct conversion of kinetic energy flux in the electrical (and, incidentally, the term «lightning vortex» belongs to American physicist R. Feynman, R. Leighton, M. Sands, sponsors « Feynman Lectures on Physics »). You must use the vortex phenomenal ability to concentrate dispersed in the energy at one of its sides at a 30 ... 40 times (!) Smaller volume of the vortex.
Prove this by the example of the detailed parsing mechanism grozoobrazovaniya.
To begin with, the atmosphere in the vertical section is divided into segments, each of which has its temperature, its pressure. Accordingly, there is air between the layers of an average and it is financially. Thus, in the surface layer of air has two surfaces, which can build their own ends arises a whirlwind of air: the rigid surface of the Earth, on the other - the boundary air layers.
The process begins with the appearance of grozoobrazovaniya «lenses» on the border between the ground, warmed up by solar rays, the layer and layer with the «cool» air at an altitude of approximately 1200 ... 1500 m from the land surface (all figures are taken from R. Feynman, from his famous lectures on physics). Lens occurs, usually over a wet place, where, as a result of evaporation of moisture and rapid rise of the vapor mixture, is increased pressure to increase flows to the border media layers of air (Figure 1).
In the lens under the influence of Coriolis forces rising streams of air are beginning to intertwine in pravovintovom direction if viewed from the Earth's surface. More involved externally increasing the volume of air form the bulk vortex, the vortex tube (vortex cord) which is an inverted funnel, designed to funnel the Earth's surface (Figure 2).
Moreover, the distribution of speeds in spiral vortex flow occurs as follows: if the earth's surface, forming a funnel into the funnel, the linear velocity of air flow does not exceed the values in the 8 ... 10 m / s, the upper part, with the smallest diameter, linear velocity intertwine flow can reach values of tens of meters per second.
In okoloosevom space vortex tube, as is known, a rarefied environment, the intake air from the surface of the Earth. In particular, dust particles, which under the influence of solar radiation gain, and carry a positive charge. Rises okoloosevoy flow to suffer from the effect of the effect Ranka, sharing in the «cold» and «hot» flows. «Cold» air fills the volume of the lens. At the same time, the process of condensation of moisture in its scope, and we are seeing the emergence of «-anvil clouds» (which, turned anvil), which feature is the presence of distinctly visible «eye». Eye-anvil clouds, its volume is filled «hot» air gradually being replaced, and accumulate under the cloud (Figure 3).
And then begins the process grozoobrazovaniya. With the rise of air in the vortex okoloosevom space that contains positively charged dust particles in its middle part, to form close to cylindrical, vortex flow and distributed them to play the role of the electric capacitor: if okoloosevom volume of a cylindrical condenser contains a huge number of positively charged dust particles, the in spiral flow surrounding the cylinder, in full accordance with the laws of electrostatics is the concentration and accumulation of an appropriate quantity of negative charge. In the «eye» clouds occurs compression, compaction of spiral flow at the top of the vortex tube is formed «Needle» (Figure 4).
As in the spiral flow tip vortex of negative charge and its concentration in them, in accordance with the laws of electrodynamics occurs further compaction and compression of the spiral flow, especially in the radial direction. That is, the diameter of the needle channel decreases, reaching values of several tens of meters. If at this point to comply with longitudinal section of the needle, then we will be a picture, very similar to the longitudinal section of an electromagnetic solenoid coil. In magnetic field Vortex solenoid dust particle with the properties of magnets, as well as water molecules, which are dipoles, to a speed of tens or even hundred-odd meters per second.
In their motion occurs satel airflow. In the space of a vortex tube okoloosevom degree of rarefaction increases, thus arriving at his volume of air gets in the acceleration of its flow and its temperature decreases, - triggered effect Joule-Thomson effect. Naturally, in an expedited and chilled air flow moisture quickly condenses. The good points of condensation, which perform the role of dust particles-more than enough. Above the cloud, anvil (the growth in volume since that time stops) are rapidly increasing in height up to 10000 ... 12000 m «Cloud -« protuberance ».
«Thunderstorm cell» (to R. Feynman, - below pictures of the "Feynman Lectures on Physics", with the parameters and structure of lightning Education), of course, does not stand still and drifting with the whole mass of air flow. And the vortex tube bends and winds, as soft rope. Needle vortex tube makes the often complicated pretsessionnye traffic. Therefore, cloud-like protuberance continuously grow clubs.
Note to Fig.9.11 see article below.
If over-anvil cloud layer is formed, concentrated in itself all come from the spiral flow of negative charge, the cloud-protuberantse focuses the entire positive charge, «move» vortex axial flow solenoid from the ground surface.
At one point, thunderstorm clouds shed rain. Between the two layers of clouds occurring electrical discharges, which we have seen in the form of lightning. Part of the electrical discharge occurs between the cloud and the anvil surface. Interestingly the ratio: at latitudes of 40-80 degrees the earth's surface - 60% between the layers, 40% between the ground and the cloud, at latitudes of 10-30 degrees the earth's surface - 90% between the layers, 10% between the ground and cloud. Nature often uses vortex solenoids daily on our planet watch and record more than 300 lightning (at last, in 2006, data - up to 2000).
Effect Ranka many puzzling: tangential jet penciled seek, as a rule, specify the maximum possible speed in the experiments. As revealed in a series of experiments conducted by the author of these lines, the speed of the tangential jets practically irrelevant for the formation of rotational motion of the environment, the transition to a vortex, no. The degree of twist of vortex flow or linear velocity of the vortex flow depends solely on the mass media, vbrasyvaemoy in the primary zone promotion. This is not knits with the existing theoretical construct, I agree, but watch this and everyone can, for example, from the discharge of water from the bath. With the increase in the diameter of the discharge openings increases and the degree of twist.
Perhaps there is a strict pattern of mass involved in the eddy, and linear velocities in different cross sections of the vortex. With the increase in mass increases the total energy of the vortex. At one point, overcome the threshold beyond which the cost of energy to twist the flow becomes less energy, issued a swirl.
So with lightning vortex. The huge cylindrical mass of swirling flow, a diameter of 10000 ... 12000 and a height of 1200 meters ... 1500 meters, the body rotates as kvazitverdoe (Helmholtz term) and so that the observer on the surface of the earth does not even feel this gigantic movement. But the consequence of his becoming a drop at a height of 12000 ... 15000 m from 2000 to 4000 tons every second mass of moisture and cooled air through the mouth tip vortex solenoid, diameter of which is measured in tens of meters.
The process grozoobrazovaniya - full of positive ions and dust particles of the air ground layer of atmosphere. Desert air is saturated with positively charged ions and dust particles are much denser, but the dry air, lack of moisture reduces the probability of lightning vortex in the desert many times, perhaps two to three orders of magnitude, compared with the mid-latitudes of the globe.
Having solved the problem of getting water in a desert (and its up to us to chose the ancient engineers, we are left only prudent to take advantage of their accomplishments), we have quite consciously and with knowledge of the case can proceed to the modeling process, the copying process grozoobrazovaniya in the projected solar-power vortex is very near future. It seems complex, centered on power, surrounded by a dozen vododobyvayuschih stations. Water, as it would not sound strange, it becomes a catalyst for the conversion of stored solar energy into electricity.
Such a prospect of obtaining gratuitous universal energy in deserts, in this age may become a serious tool for solving problems of the South. And not just the South. Cheap obtained clean way electricity is needed, and the North. Incidentally, the area of the Sahara desert is more than 7 million km2, or 7000 billion m2. By taking only 0.1% of the area under the solar-power vortex, it is possible the entire Eurasian continent, up to Chukotka, pour cheap electricity. You can even point out that mankind fatally fortunate that geographically desert arranged in a chain along the Northern Tropic in three continents at the same time. In other words, the global grid of solar-power vortex, in the long chain of the western coasts of Mauritania and the eastern coast of China and Korea, will work virtually around the clock.
By no means is still unclear to the physical nature of the process. But the problem - rather, a purely technical and applied, than scientific, and, therefore, - it is solvable. On the nature of electricity, for example, we know far from everything, but without electricity and their lives are already present can not. It always comes back to show the public interest in the proposals of this kind, so the need to finance research and development activities in this direction. And the meaning is.
Economically developed countries sit «to needle» hydrocarbons and behave like istovye and incurable addicts. Ready to fluff and dust to carry anyone who comes through the delivery of fuel, who will begin to impede the satisfaction of their basic needs, who too was trying to master popriderzhat existing stocks. Histrionics of their own behavior, some of them did realize and feel, so look for other opportunities and preserve their energy well-being. There are a lot of hope associated with hydrogen energy. And the money invested in its development of strong expectations of return is also very serious. But the few who are capable of another and entirely different look in the desert. Not enough global and ambitious thinking. All the time, based on the perceptions of the world around us in terms of already zavyazshego in the minds and annoying all evroamerikanskogo centrism.
Pessimism waiting time of total and complete collapse of the energy is clearly overstated. At the Earth's energy is more than enough. We are just not psychologically ready to draw it from other sources, while technological capabilities already exist. The Greek gods punished Prometheus is not in vain: the energy produced by simple burning of hydrocarbons, leads civilization in any other plane of existence where a person loses the connection with nature and away from its natural essence. At the same time becoming a civilization in its development some bad and ugly features alien individual sound, but the typical person within the corporate, public, public herds.
A strange case. In the East in ancient times used the energy of the vortex, water, wind. Oriental people know how to burn not only wood, cane and peat, and coal to oil. At least in a rudimentary form, at the level of magic and tricks, but are familiar with electricity. A Europe with this type of fuel like coal, met only in ΧV century, is widely used beginning in ΧVI century. But all energy technologies ΧΧ I-th century, after all, are closed, mostly in the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. Without it, mankind itself has not thought. The current state of energy is considered to be almost the pinnacle of civilization and its ideas. However, this is the philosophical questions of order, in which world class engineering answer is not yet ready. Yes, and not in its purview those questions.
Let us better pofantaziruem and draw something like futures prediction, using the method A. Clarke, issued by the amazing accuracy of forecasts. His predictions in the main largely been realized, and some inventions A. Clark was able to create a tip pen, and he has not used his creative priority, not designed for these patents. This is a delight!
In North America, with a fantastic imagination of intensity with each passing year increases the likelihood of the emergence of lightning, accompanied by tornadoes, tornadoes. There are even allegations of a «predisposition» of the United States to such phenomena. But it is impossible to analyze whether such a «predisposition» in terms of the pragmatism inherent in the American engineering community? The frequency of emergence of tornadoes are clearly indicates a high density of saturated air positive ions and dust particles. Consequently, large parts of North America, perhaps the construction of power vortex, simulating lightning processes in order to extract electrical energy. The chain of such stations, stretching from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific, could help reduce dependence on North American hydrocarbons by more than a third.
European continent in this respect more fortunate. North Africa consists of a number of desert, the largest of these is the Sahara. Already during the Roman Empire, North Africa, land is mercilessly exploited. For example, in the foothills of the Atlas ïàñëèñü herd of horses in the millions of animals for the armies of Rome. Its phosphorous soil gave fabulously high yields have been a source of bread and other food crop for the citizens of metropolitan France. Today, these once-devastated area, waiting for the return of debts for their merciless operation to complete exhaustion. Network vortex of power to North Africa to breathe new life into derelict and «idle» land. There will be water in adequate quantities, and, hence, life. Excess electricity jumps over to Europe will reduce by more than half of its dependence on hydrocarbon fuels.
Solar energy and gifts of pure water from air atmosphere can become an extremely successful combination of technology for hydrogen production in large industrial scale.
The world community now ready to begin using hydrogen as fuel. There are absolutely everything. There is not enough «small»: a cheap and in huge quantities of hydrogen. Directly and want to shout to everyone: wake, the same look in the desert - where the capacity for industrial production of hydrogen while otbavlyay! We need very little effort to implement the age-old dream of the engineering class.
Thar Desert, Takla Makan, Gobi could be a source of electricity for the rapidly developing countries of Asia and Southeast Asia. China, India, Pakistan may also be more than half reduced their demand for hydrocarbon fuels. The Namib desert and the steppes of the Kalahari, with its development may allow the South Africa once and for all deal with the problems of poverty, overpopulation, famine. Atacama Desert in South America will help stop the devastating human impact on the unique nature of the Amazon, where people in the pursuit of oil and forest resources has proven to be frank savage. Development of the Australian desert could provide an opportunity to address the problem of overpopulation in Europe and Asia, taking easily and trouble-billion other persons.
But the most striking changes can and should happen in the Islamic world. Most of the deserts and semi-accounts in the country, which is considered to be the Islamic world. They also accounted for more than half the world's oil and gas. Since the beginning of the exploration and development of solar-energy vortex, with the advent of water in sufficient quantities in the deserts, the economy of the Islamic world will be based on entirely different principles. The transformation of the Islamic countries of the oil donors «electricity» and food producers, for the rest of the world will mean one thing: politics is not such a terrible pressure on the oil and gas industry in these countries. And then, with oil and gas will be to give them a much easier and simpler. With the continuing growth in consumption of hydrocarbon fuel in the world, increases in the price of it will not be so rapid as now. And oil is already no longer be the object of geopolitics.
Regarding Russia, it is a particular conversation. Included in the global economy, our country is becoming more and more will depend on the level of prices for hydrocarbons. No, not about the flow of oil involved, but the level of domestic fuel prices. If we plan to boom the economy, then, first of all, must do everything to ensure that the level of fuel prices in the country, their growth had been consistently predictable and stable. Doing this should be solely by market methods. As the influence of world prices on domestic will increase, it becomes our natural concern for the provision of pressure on world prices. Now, this is done by changing the volume of Russian supplies of hydrocarbons to world markets. This practice must go. We did have to learn popriderzhivat own stocks, and become wise, far-sighted owners. We need to shy away from unattractive, corrupts and immoral of stock speculators.
Russia should be firmly on the path is free and encouraged all Russian society, the development of productive capitalism took while on a short leash capitalism financial, stock, mercantile, speculative. A striking historical example to follow - the economic evolution of the U.S. to date «top» genius of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. He not only «vznuzdal» speculative capitalism, risking a life, but the subdued state of the U.S. government. However, FD Roosevelt was much easier: petroleum hydrocarbons in the long presidency were not the objects of world geopolitics.
Even Stolypin spoke about the importance of twenty years of peaceful and stable development of Russia, without revolutions and upheavals. We also need to set this task to ensure a peaceful and stable development of the society, which is spread on the lifetime of three to four generations, that is, at least for the next century. To do this, everything must be done to hydrocarbon fuels is no longer a subject of world geopolitics. Oil and gas will always be in demand, but future generations will need them to be much more ours. We can not live at their expense. Therefore, no one so much of the world may not be interested in developing alternative energy sources - including solar-energy vortex - as Russia.
Note: The nature of the Nobel laureate Richard Feynman has always celebrated its scientific integrity. So at this Feynman diagram identifies the figure 4 zone, which is densely saturated with positively charged dust particles, ions. There are a myriad of versions of Storms education, its development. But none of them does not explain the existence of zone 4, and then - and simply discarded the information about its availability. And only if we take for truth, that the process of education lies Storms vortex phenomenon with its swirl cord, then fell into its place and everything is easily and accurately explained.
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